Ethenraku ( я 天 楽 , lit. “music brought from heaven” [1] ) is melody and dance, an integral part of Japanese gagaku art. Ethenraku is usually performed by such musical instruments as ruteki and hitiriki [2] , to the accompaniment of other traditional musical instruments such as , koto and [1] .
History
The origin of ethenraku is thoroughly unknown. There are theories that the melody was created in Japan , but there is also a point of view according to which Ethenraku appeared in Khotan , a state under the protectorate of the Tang Dynasty , which made Ethenraku a part of the repertoire of the Chinese imperial court [3] .
During the Heian period, the gagaku form known as the imayo gained popularity ( 今 様 ё imayo:, literally. "Modern style") . Etenraku was one of the most popular melodies used in imeyos [4] .
In 1931, Hidemaro Konoe created an orchestral version of the piece, which was subsequently recorded by conductors Leopold Stokowski [5] and Ryusuke Numadziri.
In the 21st century, Etenraku is often performed at wedding ceremonies [4] .
Melody
There are different versions of Etenraku in three modal scales of gakaku: hejo, osiki and bansikicho [6] . Bansikicho is considered the oldest version, while hejo is the most famous in Japan [7] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Schuller, Gunther. Musings: The Musical Worlds of Gunther Schuller. - Oxford University Press US, 1989. - ISBN 0-19-505921-2 .
- ↑ Hiscock, Chris. New music matters 11-14 / Chris Hiscock, Marian Metcalfe, Andy Murray. - Heinemann, 1999. - ISBN 0-435-81091-X .
- ↑ Picken, Laurence. Music from the Tang Court . - CUP Archive, 1990. - ISBN 0-521-34776-9 .
- ↑ 1 2 Malm, William P. Traditional Japanese music and musical instruments . - Kodansha International, 2000. - ISBN 4-7700-2395-2 .
- ↑ Downes, Olin . KREISLER SOLOIST WITH STOKOWSKI , New York Times (November 20, 1935). Date of treatment November 27, 2009.
- ↑ Tokita, Alison. The Ashgate research companion to Japanese music By . - Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008. - ISBN 0-7546-5699-3 .
- ↑ Banshikicho Etenraku . The International Shakuhachi Society. Date of treatment November 27, 2009. Archived October 13, 2008.