Duncleosteus [1] ( lat. Dunkleosteus ) is a genus of the placoderm from the detachment of arthrodirs , who lived in the Devonian period 415-360 million years ago. Its representatives belonged to the largest marine predators of its time. Named after the American paleontologist David Dunkle ( born David Dunkle ) [2] ; the ending -osteus comes from dr. ὀστέον - bone. Fossil remains are found in Morocco , Belgium , Poland and North America .
| † Duncleosteans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Skull Dunkleosteus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dunkleosteus Lehman , 1956 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type view | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
† Dunkleosteus terrelli | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geochronology 415-360 Ma
◄ Nowadays◄ Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction◄ Triassic extinction◄ Mass Permian Extinction◄ Devonian extinction◄ Ordovician-Silurian extinction◄ Cambrian explosion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The exact size of the duncleostea is difficult to determine: usually only the ossification of the head is preserved from it, and there are no fossils by which the full length of the body would be clear [3] . The size of his head exceeded a meter, and the length of the entire body of adult individuals ranged from 4.5 to 6 meters [4] [5] with a weight of at least 1 ton [4] . Some sources indicate that individual specimens could be slightly larger [3] [6] [7] [8] [9] .
Systematics
The genus Dunkleosteus was originally isolated from the genus Dinichthys (this was done in 1956 by Jean-Pierre Lehman, fr. Jean Pierre Lehman ). The type species of this genus, Dunkleosteus terrelli , was described in 1873 by John Newberry under the name Dinichthys terrelli . The genus Dunkleosteus has long been included in the Dinichthyidae family, but in 2010 it, along with several other genera, was assigned to the Dunkleosteidae family [10] . At least a dozen species of this genus have been described.
Description
Duncleosteus had sufficiently developed jaws (although the first jaw appeared in Silurian ). Instead of teeth, he had large bone plates for crushing the shell of invertebrates or other placoderms. When studying a biomechanical computer model of the jaws of Dunkleosteus at the University of Chicago , they determined that they could develop a pressure of 5 MPa , which is comparable to a bite of a Mississippi alligator [4] . Moreover, Dunkleosteus opened his mouth in 1/50 of a second, as a result of which a stream of water simply sucked a victim into it [11] .
Dunkleosteus remains are often found next to chewed bones. It is assumed that he, like the rest of the placoderms, belched those bones that he could not digest.
In popular culture
Dunkleoste is shown in the popular science series “ Walking with Sea Monsters ”, in the series “ Animal Armageddon ”, in the program “ River Monsters ”, as well as in games for mobile devices “ Hungry Shark Evolution ”, “ Hungry Shark World ” and in the game "ARK: Survival Evolved". Also Dunkleostey is present in the game "Trophy fishing".
Notes
- ↑ Bailey J., Seddon T. Prehistoric World / P.K. Chudinov . - M .: Rosman , 1995.- S. 70. - 160 p. - ISBN 5-7519-0097-9 .
- ↑ Dunkle, David Hosbrook . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (July 10, 1997). Date of treatment April 11, 2015. Archived April 11, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Helfman G., Collette BB, Facey DE, Bowen BW The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology . - John Wiley & Sons, 2009 .-- P. 177. - 736 p. - ISBN 9781444311907 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Anderson, PSL; Westneat, M. (2009). "A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi)." Paleobiology . 35 (2): 251-269. DOI : 10.1666 / 08011.1 .
- ↑ Carr, Robert K. (2010). "Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)." Kirtlandia . 57 .
- ↑ Young GC Did Placoderm Fish Have Teeth? (Eng.) // Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . - Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 2003. - Vol. 23 , no. 4 . - P. 987–990 .
- ↑ Ben Waggoner. Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct armored fishes with jaws . University of California Museum of Paleontology (July 22, 2000). Date of treatment April 11, 2015. Archived April 11, 2015.
- ↑ Reece JB, Meyers N., Urry LA et al. Campbell Biology Australian and New Zealand version . - Pearson Higher Education AU, 2014 .-- P. 740. - 1521 p. - ISBN 9781486012299 .
- ↑ Selden P., Nudds J. Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems . - Elsevier, 2012 .-- P. 63. - 288 p. - ISBN 9780124046375 .
- ↑ Carr RK, Hlavin VJ Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira) ( English) // Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society : journal. - Oxford University Press , 2010. - Vol. 159 , no. 1 . - P. 195—222 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x .
- ↑ Anderson, PSL, Westneat, MW Feeding mechanics and bite force modeling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli , an ancient apex predator (Eng.) // Biology letters: journal. - 2007. - Vol. 3 , no. 1 . - P. 76-79 . - DOI : 10.1098 / rsbl.2006.0569 . - PMID 17443970 .
Links
- Ben Waggoner. Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct armored fishes with jaws . University of California Museum of Paleontology (July 22, 2000). Archived on April 11, 2015.
- Dunkleosteus sp. Placodermi . The Virtual Fossil Museum (2002). Retrieved Aug 1, 2005 (English)
- Mikhail Kuleshov. Duncleoste . Devonian Park . - the history of the discovery and description of dinichtis and duncleosteus. Date of treatment October 30, 2012. Archived November 5, 2012.