Essentuki - mineral waters of the popular large balneological resort of Russia Essentuki , specializing in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract , liver , as well as concomitant diseases and metabolic disorders. For medicinal purposes, about 20 mineral springs of the resort are used [1] , the most famous among them: " Essentuki No. 20 ", " Essentuki No. 17 ", " Essentuki No. 4 ", " Essentuki No. 2 New ", sulfur-alkaline " Essentuki No. 1 Drilling "and others [2] . Water sources are used for drinking, bathing, irrigation, inhalation [1] .
Content
- 1 Historical background
- 2 Varieties and chemical composition
- 3 Location of sources
- 4 Industrial production
- 5 See also
- 6 notes
- 7 Literature
- 8 References
Historical background
The foundation day of the resort town of Essentuki is celebrated on the last Saturday of August [3] . In 1798, a military redoubt was built on the right bank of the Yessentuk River to protect the southern borders of Russia.
Essentuki was later recognized as a resort in Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk. The mineral springs discovered in 1811 did not interest doctors and visitors of the Caucasian Mineral Waters . The waters from the sources of Essentuki in 1823 were studied and described in detail by the professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy Alexander Nelyubin .
One of the prominent Russian medical therapists, the founder of the Moscow Clinical School, an honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Professor G. A. Zakharyin, in his lectures pointed out that mineral waters excel many medicines in their therapeutic effect:
How many times have I seen a cure for patients with catarrh of the stomach, constipation, gallstones and renal sand, for a long time and unsuccessfully using these powders, the correct use of mineral water.
- P. L. Yanovsky “Mineral waters of the USSR” (1968)
Thus, thanks to G. A. Zakharyin’s perseverance and unquestioned authority, the drinking practice of Borjomi and Essentuki waters is firmly included in the medical practice of Russia in those years. In addition, other prominent specialists in the field of the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and therapeutic nutrition gave important importance to drinking treatment with mineral waters: professors M. I. Pevzner , V. A. Alexandrov, R. A. Luria , V. V Vladimirsky, A. S. Vishnevsky, S. O. Badilkis, N. S. Savoshchenko and others [4] .
In 1847, the governor in the Caucasus, Prince Vorontsov, approved the design of the gallery, which was a building in the English manner with Byzantine and Moorish elements of architecture with the source of Essentuki mineral water No. 17. Its opening took place four years later - in 1856.
After the construction of the railway line in Essentuki was completed, the flow of tourists increased sharply. By the beginning of the 20th century, the popularity of the resort reached enormous proportions: Essentuki confidently took the first place in terms of attendance. The Essentuki resort is expanding: the buildings of sanatoriums, mud baths, and hotels are being built. By 1917, a holiday village was built in the current resort area.
The true resort history of the Essentuki began in 1925, when all the large structures were converted into sanatoriums. Along with this, new health resorts were built in the city. Constantly carried out work on landscaping and improvement of the city. It was in 1925 that the village of Essentuki became known as the resort city of Essentuki.
On January 11, 1943, Essentuki was liberated from the Nazi invaders [3] . On June 5, 1964, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR decided "Limit the registration of citizens in the resort towns of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody and the surrounding villages of the Stavropol Territory" [5] .
Varieties and chemical composition
The Essentuki deposit contains carbon dioxide (concentration of dissolved CO 2 1.0–3.0 g / dm 3 ) chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium waters of the “Essentuki No. 4” type with a salinity of 7-10 g / dm 3 (11 wells were drilled in the sanatorium [6 ] ) and type "Essentuki No. 17" with a mineralization of 10-15 g / l (5 sources [6] ); hydrogen sulfide-carbonate chloride-bicarbonate sodium water of medium mineralization and others. The total return of the Essentuki and Beshtaugorsk deposits exceeds 800 m 3 / day. Mineral waters are used in the resort of Essentuki for drinking and conducting external procedures [7] .
Mineralization and basic ionic composition (mg / dm³) of some mineral waters of the resort city of Essentuki [8] [9] :
| Title | Essentuki Healing [10] | Essentuki New-55 [8] [11] | Essentuki No. 2 New [12] | Essentuki No. 4 [8] [13] | Essentuki number 17 [8] [14] | Essentuki Mountain [8] [15] |
| Source | Essentukskoye field, well No. 73. | Essentukskoye field, well No. 55. | A mixture of mineral waters of the Beshtaugorskoye field from wells No. 2B and No. 66. | Essentukskoye field, wells Nos. 33 bis, 34 bis, 39 bis, 41 bis, 49-E, 418 ', 56, 57-RE-bis, 71. | Essentukskoye field, wells Nos. 17 bis, 36 bis, 46. | Mountain section of the Essentuki field, Stavropol Territory, well No. 70. |
| Appointment | medical and dining room | fresh dining room | medical canteen | medical canteen | medical | fresh dining room |
| Mineralization | average (7.0-8.0 g / l) | fresh (0.4-0.9 g / l) | low (3.0-6.5 g / l) | average (7.0-10.0 g / l) | high (10.0-14.0 g / l) | fresh (0.5-0.8 g / l) |
| HCO 3 - | ||||||
| SO 4 - | ||||||
| Cl - | ||||||
| I - | ||||||
| Ca 2+ | ||||||
| Mg 2 + | ||||||
| Na + + K + | ||||||
| H 2 SiO 3 | ||||||
| H 3 BO 3 | ||||||
| CO 2 |
" Essentuki No. 20 " - a table drinking mineral water of low mineralization, refers to the type of low-mineralized sulphate bicarbonate calcium-magnesium water. Initially supplied from source No. 20, located on the territory of the Essentuki resort park, which is no longer in operation. Used for balneotherapy of urinary tract diseases. Later, water of a similar chemical composition was extracted from well No. 2B of the Beshtaugorskoye field, as well as the Yutsk spring of the Pyatigorskoye field. It is supplied to the market by various manufacturers from various sources of Caucasian Mineral Waters . The modern table drinking water “Essentuki No. 20” is not natural mineral water, as it can be a mixture of different waters [16] .
“Essentuki Novaya” - is a mixture of mineral waters of the Essentuki field from wells No. 1-KMV-bis and No. 55 mixed in a ratio of 1: 2 and spring water [17] .
"Essentuki No. 1 Drilling" is a medical-table carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide slightly sulfide water produced from a well 337 meters deep. The source has significant overpressure and is characterized by a constant chemical composition (mineralization: 4.7-5.6 g / l) and temperature (+24 ° C ). The content of hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water reaches 16–20 mg / l. Due to the high concentration of natural carbon dioxide, this water is sometimes called the Essentuki Narzan . Water "No. 1 Drilling" is used for drinking, gargling, bathing. Positive dynamics is noted in patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. The flow rate of well No. 1 exceeds the daily flow rate of the remaining sources of the resort city of Essentuki, but after 2 hours from the moment of leaving the well, the water completely loses its healing properties, therefore it cannot be bottled. The pump room was taken to the gallery of source No. 4 [18] [19] .
Location of sources
Many wells have been drilled on the territory and in the vicinity of the resort town of Essentuki, which differ from each other not only in the date of drilling, but also in depth, as well as in the chemical composition of the water and its natural temperature. At the same time, two sources belong to the group of hydrogen sulfide, in terms of hydrogen sulfide content (16–20 mg / dm³), mineralization in the range of 4.7–5.6 g / l and carbon dioxide concentration of not less than 1.0 g / l of water from these sources of Essentuki belong to the balneological group of mineral waters with a weakly sulfide composition [6] .
In 1967, a well was drilled and equipped under the first number, which is located four kilometers north of the city of Essentuki. By chemical composition, mineral water from this well belongs to chloride-hydrocarbonate waters with a high content of magnesium and sulfates , its natural temperature is quite high: +42 ° C. Directly to the resort territory, water from source No. 1 is not supplied in its pure form, but mixed with slightly mineralized water (mineralization 0.7 g / l) coming from well No. 55, which was drilled back in 1966. According to the chemical composition ( chlorides , bicarbonates , sodium , calcium ) and natural temperature, the water of this source is similar to the water from well No. 1. Well No. 55 is located at a short distance from well No. 1, while both wells are operated by self-discharge method. Water from wells No. 1 and No. 55 are mixed at the time of entry into the storage tanks of the Lower and Upper Baths (1 to 2 ratio). At the same time, mixed water has a chloride-sulfate-bicarbonate calcium-sodium composition with a high content of magnesium ions (very close to the pristine type of mineral water of source No. 20), its mineralization is 3.0 g / l, the content of dissolved carbon dioxide exceeds 1.0 g / l In 1987, a drinking pump room was organized on the basis of this water, called “Essentuki New” [6] .
In 1989, the largest drinking gallery in the country was built on the territory of the Essentuki, with a capacity of 5,000 visits per day. The architectural solution of the gallery, including the rotunda made of granite and marble, were a real decoration of the resort city. Mineral waters “ Essentuki No. 4 ”, “ Essentuki No. 17 ” and “Essentuki Novaya” enter the gallery from wells related to the Essentuki and Beshtaugorsk fields [20] .
Industrial Production
A large selection of Essentuki mineral water from various manufacturers is available in the retail distribution network (there are also fakes). Despite this, it is necessary to clearly understand that the healing properties of mineral water are very difficult to preserve in full. According to the doctors of the resort of Essentuki, the greatest therapeutic effect is achieved by the dosed intake of mineral water directly from the pump room , where the water comes from the well without losing its natural temperature. After reaching the surface, mineral water cools in the open air and within 15-20 minutes loses part of the cations , and with them a part of its healing qualities. Nevertheless, under the control of specialists, part of the mineral waters of the balneological resort is bottled in glass containers at factories in the city of Essentuki. To maximize the preservation of medicinal properties, mineral water obtained from wells is treated with a silver solution. Subject to the storage conditions of the bottles in a horizontal position in a dark and cool room, mineral water is able to not lose its healing qualities for an almost unlimited period of time. It must be remembered that the preservation of the healing properties of any mineral water is possible only in glass containers [8] .
See also
- Essentuki New-55
- Essentuki healing
- Essentuki No. 2 New
- Essentuki number 4
- Yessentuki No. 17
- Essentuki number 20
- Essentuki Mountain
- Narzan
- Naftusya
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Essentuki // Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- ↑ Sanatorium-resort department of the administration of the city of Essentuki (Unavailable link) . The healing properties of the resort of Essentuki . Date of treatment March 8, 2015. Archived on February 28, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 Calendar of public holidays of the Russian Federation, memorable dates and significant events in the Stavropol Territory for 2011 . Date of treatment February 27, 2015. Archived January 16, 2015.
- ↑ Drinking treatment with mineral waters . Date of treatment March 8, 2015. Archived March 8, 2015. }
- ↑ On the restriction of registration of citizens in the resort towns of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody and the adjacent settlements of the Stavropol Territory (Unavailable link) . Date of treatment February 27, 2015. Archived October 21, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 RusCourort: unopened (inaccessible link) . Description of the resort of Essentuki . Date of treatment February 28, 2015. Archived April 2, 2015.
- ↑ A list of Russian resorts with justification for their uniqueness in natural healing factors (Methodological guidelines approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 22.12.99 N 99/228) . Date of treatment February 28, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 GOST R 54316-2011 natural mineral drinking water . Date of treatment April 20, 2015.
- ↑ Mineral waters . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki's healing . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki new-55 . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki No. 2 New . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki No. 4 . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki No. 17 . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki Mountain . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki No. 20 . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki new . Date of treatment February 27, 2015.
- ↑ Essentuki, deep drilling source No. 1 . Date of treatment March 8, 2015.
- ↑ Russian Balneological Society . Essentuki No. 1 Drilling . Date of treatment March 8, 2015.
- ↑ Map of the health resorts of Yessentuki . Date of treatment February 28, 2015.
Literature
- M.I. Ganshtak. Caucasian mineral waters. - Publishing house "Sevkavgiz (North Caucasian Regional State Publishing House, Pyatigorsk)", 1935. - 236 p. - (Resorts Guide).
- A.M. Ovchinnikov. Mineral water. - Publishing house "Gosgeoltekhizdat", 1963. - 383 p.
- P.L. Yanovsky. Mineral waters of the USSR (bottled). - M .: "Food Industry", 1968. - 160 p.
- E.V. Posokhov, N.I. Tolstikhin. Mineral water. - 240 p.
- G.V. Kulikov, A.V. Zhevlakov, S.S. Bondarenko. Mineral healing waters of the USSR. - Publishing house "Nedra", 1991. - 399 p. - (ISBN: 5-247-01595-9).
- Essentuki // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.