Hotoku [1] [2] ( p 宝 徳 ho: toku ) is the motto of the reign ( nengo ) of the Japanese emperor Go-Hanazono [3] [1] , used from 1449 to 1452 [1] [4] .
| Hotoku | |
|---|---|
| Japanese 宝 徳 | |
| Serial number | 192 |
| Ruling emperor | Go Hanazono |
| Duration | 1449-1452 years |
| Previous era | Bunyang |
| Next era | Kyotoku |
Content
- 1 Duration
- 2 Origin
- 3 Events
- 4 Comparison table
- 5 notes
- 6 Literature
Duration
Beginning and end of an era: [4] [5] [1]
- 28th day of the 7th moon of the 6th year of Bunyang (according to the Julian calendar - August 16, 1449);
- The 25th day of the 7th moon of the 4th year of Hotoku (according to the Julian calendar - August 10, 1452).
Origin
The name Nengo was borrowed from the 23rd juan of the classical ancient Chinese composition Tang Book : 「朕 宝 三 徳 、 曰 慈 倹 謙」 [4] [6] .
Events
Julian calendar dates
- May 8, 1449 (16th day of the 4th moon of the 1st year of Hotoku) - the emperor gave the sword to the shogun Asikage Yoshinari [7] ;
- 1451 (7th moon of the 3rd year of Hotoku) - a delegation from Ryukyu first visits Kyoto [8] ;
- 1451 (8th moon of the 3rd year of Hotoku) - the shogun sent a letter to the Chinese emperor [8] ;
Comparison Chart
The table below shows the correspondence of Japanese traditional and European chronology. In parentheses to the year number of the Japanese era, the name of the corresponding year from the 60-year cycle of the Chinese Gan-chi system is indicated . The Japanese months are traditionally called moons .
| 1st year Hotoku ( Earth Snake ) | 1st moon * | 2nd moon * | 3rd moon | 4th moon * | 5th moon | 6th moon * | 7th moon | 8th moon * | 9th moon | 10th moon * | 10th moon (leap) * | 11th moon | 12th moon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Julian calendar | January 25, 1449 | February 23 | March 24 | April 23 | 22nd of May | 21st of June | July 20 | August 19 | September 17th | 17 October | 15th of November | December 14th | January 13, 1450 |
| 2nd year Hotoku ( Metal Horse ) | 1st moon | 2nd moon * | 3rd moon | 4th moon * | 5th moon * | 6th moon | 7th moon * | 8th moon | 9th moon | 10th moon | 11th moon * | 12th moon | |
| Julian calendar | February 12, 1450 | March 14th | April 12th | 12 May | June 10th | July 9th | 8 August | 6 September | October 6th | November 5 | 5th of December | January 3, 1451 | |
| 3rd year Hotoku ( Metal Goat ) | 1st moon | 2nd moon * | 3rd moon * | 4th moon | 5th moon * | 6th moon * | 7th moon | 8th moon * | 9th moon | 10th moon | 11th moon * | 12th moon | |
| Julian calendar | February 2, 1451 | March 4th | April 2 | May 1 | May 31 | June 29 | July 28th | August 27 | September 25th | the 25th of October | November 24th | December 23 | |
| 4th year Hotoku ( Water Monkey ) | 1st moon | 2nd moon | 3rd moon * | 4th moon * | 5th moon | 6th moon * | 7th moon * | 8th moon | 8th moon (leap) * | 9th moon | 10th moon * | 11th moon | 12th moon |
| Julian calendar | January 22, 1452 | February 21 | March 22 | 20 April | May 19 | June 18th | July 17th | August 15 | September 14th | October 13th | November 12th | December 11th | January 10, 1453 |
- * An asterisk indicates short months (moons) of 29 days. The remaining months last 30 days.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Kontsevich, 2010 , p. 747.
- ↑ Petrova and Goreglyad, 1963 , p. 207.
- ↑ East Asia // Rulers of the World. Chronological and genealogical tables on world history in 4 vols. / Compiled by V.V. Erlikhman . - T. 3. - S. 355-358.
- ↑ 1 2 3 (Japanese) 日本 年号 一 覧 『日本 大 百科全書 （ニ ッ ポ ニ カ）』 小学 館 、 1984〜 1994 年 ( List of Japanese Nengos // Nipponica Encyclopedia . - Shogakukan , 1984-1994. )
- ↑ Japanese Nengo Database Archived July 22, 2015 on the Wayback Machine on the website of the Dharma Drum Humanitarian Institute (Taiwan)
- ↑ See the text of the 23rd juan of the “Book of Tang” at Wikisource
- ↑ Titsing, 1834 , p. 345.
- ↑ 1 2 Titsing, 1834 , p. 346.
Literature
- Kontsevich L.R. Chronology of the countries of East and Central Asia . - Moscow: Eastern Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. - S. 695-803. - 806 s. - ISBN 978-5-02-036350-2 .
- Petrova O.P., Goreglyad V.N. Slogans of rule // Description of Japanese manuscripts, woodcuts and early printed books. Vol. I .. - Moscow: Oriental literature , 1963. - S. 204-210. - 243 p.
- History of Japan / Ed. A.E. Zhukova. - M .: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1998. - T. 1. From ancient times until 1968 - 659 p. - ISBN 5-89282-107-2 .
- Paradise Sanyo . Unofficial History of Japan = 日本 外史 / Per. with yap. V. M. Mendrina . - Vladivostok, 1910-1915.
- (Fr.) Isaac Titsingh . Nihon give itiran, or Review of Imperial Reigns in Japan = Nipon o daï itsi ran, ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. - Paris, 1834. - 460 p.
- (English) William Bramsen. Chronological tables // Japanese chronological tables, showing the date, according to the Julian or Gregorian calendar, of the first day of each Japanese month: from Tai-kwa 1st year to Mei-ji 6th year (645 AD to 1873 AD): with an introductory essay On Japanese chronology and calendars . - 1910. - P. 50-131.