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A television

For this term there is an abbreviation "TV", which has other meanings: see TV .
TV stand at IFA 2010

Television (from other Greek. Τῆλε “far” + latin video “see”) Is a telecommunication technology designed to transmit a moving image over a distance. In most cases, sound is transmitted simultaneously with the image. In everyday life, the term is also used to generically refer to organizations involved in the production and distribution of television programs . Since the second half of the 20th century, television has become the most influential media suitable for entertainment , education , news and advertising .

Storage technologies for transmitted television programs, such as a VCR and optical video discs , have increased the availability of cinema products, allowing you to watch movies not only in movie theaters , but also on home TVs . By 2013, 79% of households worldwide had at least one television receiver [1] . Since the 1950s, television has played a key role in shaping public opinion , having begun to concede this niche to the Internet only in the mid-2010s. The role of technology in business and politics is huge, which is emphasized by the UN , which established a memorable day - World Television Day , which is celebrated annually on November 21.

Etymology

The word Télévision is a compound of Greek. τῆλε "far" and lat. vīsio "vision". The term was first used in French in 1900 by the Russian scientist Konstantin Persky during the VI International Electrotechnical Congress, held as part of the World Exhibition in Paris [2] [3] . In English, the word was first spoken in 1907 in the description of “a hypothetical system for transmitting moving images by telegraph or telephone wires” [4] . In Russia, the word "television" was not used, but appeared only in the USSR , replacing by the mid -1930s such terms as "electric vision", "far vision", "radio telescopy" [3] , "electric telescope", "television", or “Cinema radio”, “radio cinema” (when transmitting films through television). [five]

History

The B-2 set-top box with a mechanical scan of Nipkov’s disk in the exposition of the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory Museum. USSR , 1933
 
Vladimir Zvorykin with the first electronic TV . USA , 1934
 
Ultra - high-definition LED TV

The invention of television was preceded by the development of technology for transmitting still images at a distance, which began in the middle of the 19th century. The first of these is the Alexander Bane facsimile machine, patented in 1843 [6] . Most of these devices of the XIX century was based on photomechanical processes that allow you to translate the image into a combination of conductive and isolated sections, suitable for conversion into an electrical signal . Television became possible thanks to the discovery by Willoughby Smith of the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873 , as well as the external photoelectric effect by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 [7] . An additional impetus to the development was given by the invention of the scanning disk by Paul Nipkov in 1884, which became the main element of mechanical television until the outbreak of World War II [8] .

The mechanical television systems based on Nipkov’s disk were practically realized only in 1925 by John Baird in Great Britain, Charles Jenkins in the USA, Hovhannes Adamyan and independently Lev Theremin in the USSR [* 1] . The world's first transmission of a moving image was carried out in 1923 by an American Charles Jenkins, using a mechanical scan for transmission, but the transmitted image was silhouette, that is, did not contain halftones. The first mechanical system suitable for transmitting moving grayscale images was created on January 26, 1926 by Scottish inventor John Baird, who founded the Baird Television Development Company in 1928 [10] [11] .

There were other mechanical television systems: the “traveling beam” invented in 1931 by Manfred von Ardenne and the English mechanical television system Scophony , which made it possible to create images on a screen almost 3 by 4 meters in size with a resolution of 405 lines [12] . However, none of the mechanical systems could compete with the cheaper and more reliable electronic television systems. On October 10, 1906, inventors Max Dickmann, a student of Karl Ferdinand Brown , and G. Glage registered a patent for the use of the Brown tube for transmitting images [13] . In 1907, Dickmann demonstrated a television set with a twenty-line 3 × 3 cm vacuum tube screen and a scan rate of 10 frames per second [14] .

The first patent for electronic television technologies used to this day was received by Professor of the Petersburg Technological Institute Boris Rosing , who applied for a patent for the “Method for electric image transmission” on July 25, 1907 [8] . He managed to achieve transmission over a distance of the image in the form of a lattice of four bright stripes against a dark background - in the experiment of May 9, 1911 [10] . It was the first television show in the world. In this case, a cathode ray tube was used to reproduce the image, and a mechanical scan was used for transmission [8] . Subsequently, he publicly demonstrated the transfer of other images, but only still [15] . After Rosing's publications, the development of TV devices, both mechanical and electronic, went at an accelerated pace. In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi , using a cathode ray tube, showed a still image of the katakana syllable   [16] .

The first transmission of a moving image using a cathode ray tube in history is considered to be the transfer made by a device called a “radiotelephone” on July 26, 1928 in Tashkent by inventors B. P. Grabovsky and I. F. Belyansky. Although the act of the Tashkent tram trust, on the basis of which the experiments were carried out, indicates that the images obtained were crude and unclear, it is the Tashkent experience that can be considered the birth of modern electronic television [17] . An application for patenting a radiotelephone at the insistence of Professor Rosing was filed by B. Grabovsky, N. Piskunov and V. Popov on November 9, 1925. According to the memoirs of V. Makoveev, on behalf of the USSR Ministry of Communications, all the surviving documents about the experiments were studied by the television departments of the Moscow and Leningrad Telecommunication Institutes with a view to establishing the possible priority of Soviet science. In the final document, it was stated that the system’s operability was not proved either by documents or testimonies of direct witnesses [18] .

 
The introduction of television in the world by year
     1930-1939      1940-1949      1950-1959      1960-1969     1970-1979      1980-1989      1990-1999      2000-2019     No television      No data

The American physicist and writer Mitchell Wilson was of a different opinion regarding the significance of Grabowski's invention. In his novel “My Brother, My Enemy” he described the “telephoto” as the forerunner of modern television.

A real breakthrough in the clarity of electronic television images, which the competition with mechanical ultimately decided in his favor, was the “ iconoscope ”, invented in 1931 by Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin , a student of Boris Rosing , who worked at that time at Radio Corporation of America [10 ] , the president of which was another native of the Russian Empire - David Abramovich Sarnov . It was he who provided unprecedented funding for the development of Zvorykin and the creation of a new US communications system.

The iconoscope is the first transmitting television tube to organize electronic television broadcasting. A patent for the same device was obtained by Soviet scientist Semyon Kataev 51 days before the demonstration of the finished American counterpart. Kataev could create his own working model only two years after RCA [19] [20] . Moreover, the patent application was submitted by Zvorykin back in 1923, having lain in the patent office for 15 years [21] . In 1932, with the help of an iconoscope from a 2.5 kW transmitter installed at the Empire State Building in New York , the first experimental electronic television transmissions began, with a resolution of 240 lines. The signal was received at a distance of up to 100 km on television sets released by that time by RCA based on the Zvorykin kinescope [20] [22] .

Filo Farnsworth , an electronic “ dissector ” invented in 1931, proved to be ineffective compared to an iconoscope, and was not widely used. To avoid patent litigation in the future, RCA bought the rights to invent it from Farnsworth for a million dollars [22] .

Start regular broadcast

The first television station WCFL , based on a mechanical scan, aired in Chicago on June 12, 1928 [23] . Its creator was [24] . On May 19, 1929, for the first time , he used one band of radio waves to transmit images and sound, starting broadcasting sound with the WIBO radio station, and the video signal with the WCFL station.

Since 1931, the “German” standard of mechanical television with a resolution of 30 lines and a frequency of 12.5 frames per second has been used in the USSR [25] . Initially, sound transmission was not provided. At first, using the system, experimental films and event broadcasts were conducted, and from November 15, 1934, regular broadcasting began for 1 hour 12 times a month [26] . Among radio amateurs , the design of home-made mechanical television sets was widespread, since the radio bands used then allowed receiving television broadcasts over long distances [10] [18] . In 1937, a brochure “Homemade TV” was published in Leningrad [27] .

 
The 1936 Berlin Olympiad used the Olympia-Kanone television camera with 180-line electronic scan

The Great Depression prevented the start of regular broadcasting of electronic television in the United States, coinciding in time with the advent of suitable systems for this. The world's first electronic television channel regularly broadcasting - DFR (Deutscher Fernseh-Rundfunk - German Television Broadcasting), launched in 1934 by the German television and radio company RRG [28] . The 1936 Berlin Olympics was the first to be broadcast live. In this case, we used both electronic television cameras with a 180-line scan and a special cinema and television system with an intermediate film , which allowed us to quickly carry out slow-motion repetitions of the most interesting moments [29] . DFR broadcast until 1944, when the Berlin television center was destroyed as a result of the bombing.

In 1936, the United Kingdom began regular electronic broadcasting on a system that was then considered high-definition television: with a 405-line scan created by Marconi-EMI. The work was led by a native of the Russian Empire , engineer Isaac Yulievich Schoenberg .

In the USSR - in Moscow and Leningrad - television centers were opened that carried out experimental transmissions by electronic technology. Leningradsky used domestic equipment with a standard decomposition of 240 lines [30] [31] . The Moscow television center broadcast in the "American" standard for 343 lines and was equipped with RCA equipment [32] [33] .

 
Soviet television "Leningrad T-2." 1949 year

Regular electronic television broadcasting in the USSR was first started by the Experimental Leningrad Telecentre (OLTC) on September 1, 1938 [34] . To receive these programs in the VNIIT experimental workshops, 20 TV-sets of “VRK” (All-Union Radio Committee) with a screen of 13 × 17.5 centimeters [18] were manufactured. The Radist plant produced 17TN-1 TVs, also suitable for receiving OLTC transmissions [35] . Some of them were used as monitors at the television center, and the rest were used for collective viewing in the palaces of culture and factory clubs [34] . Transmissions were conducted twice a week.

In Moscow, regular electronic broadcasting began on March 10, 1939 [30] . On this day, the Moscow television center on Shabolovka , using a 17 kW transmitter installed on the Shukhov Tower , broadcast a documentary on the opening of the 18th Congress of the CPSU (B.) [34] . Subsequently, the program was broadcast 4 times a week for 2 hours. In the spring of 1939, more than 100 TK-1 televisions with a screen of 14 × 18 centimeters, produced according to RCA documentation [18] [35], received programs in Moscow. Like VRK in Leningrad, these televisions were used for collective viewing. The first mass electronic TV “ KVN-49 ”, designed for the modern standard of decomposition of 625 lines , appeared in the USSR in 1949 [36] .

The advent of color television

The development of color image transmission technologies began in the era of mechanical television, but hybrid systems combining electronic television with mechanical color separation turned out to be the first suitable for broadcasting. On October 17, 1950, the United States adopted the world's first color television standard with serial color transmission, used by CBS for less than four months and canceled due to complete incompatibility with black and white televisions [18] [37] .

 
Test transmission of color television

Three years later, the USSR began regular experimental color broadcasting using a similar system with consistent color reproduction [18] [38] . The Rainbow receiver was equipped with a black and white kinescope with a diagonal of 18 cm, in front of which a synchronous electric motor with a frequency of 1,500 rpm rotated a disk with three pairs of color filters [39] [40] . Color reception was provided only in the area of ​​the Moscow power network, since synchronization was carried out by an alternating current source shared with studio cameras. Broadcasting continued until December 5, 1955, when the principle was recognized as hopeless in the USSR [18] .

December 18, 1953 in the United States approved the NTSC standard, separately transmitting information about brightness and color, and is fully compatible with black and white TVs. On January 14, 1960, the USSR began experimental color television broadcasting according to the "CCTV" standard, which was a copy of the American NTSC adapted for the Soviet broadcasting system [41] . In the mid-1960s, two European color television systems were developed: West German PAL and French SECAM , which also began to be tested in the USSR. Simultaneously with them, test transmissions were carried out according to the “Central Research Institute of Radio Engineering” system developed under the leadership of Vladimir Tesler [42] .

A comparative analysis of the four systems revealed the advantages of French broadcasting over long distances. In 1967, the SECAM standard for color television broadcasting, valid until today, was approved in France and the USSR [18] . The first SECAM broadcast in the USSR was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution , celebrated on November 7, 1967 [43] .

The advent of digital television

The first systems of mechanical and electronic television, including color, were analog. Digital television differs from analog in that it broadcasts not an analog signal, but a digital one, which is a stream of data describing the original analog image and sound signals. The main advantage of digital television over analogue is a higher resistance to the accumulation of distortions at all stages of the production of programs and their delivery to the final consumer [44] . Another important advantage is the smaller amount of data transmitted via communication channels, as well as ample opportunities for additional services. In the frequency band of one analog television channel, several channels of standard definition digital television broadcasting are transmitted, which significantly reduces the cost of distribution of a signal from one television channel. Due to the release of the bands previously occupied by analog broadcasting, the so-called “frequency dividend” is obtained, which can be used, for example, for some mobile communication systems ( UMTS ) [45] .

 
digital broadcasting standards by country

The ability to implement digital television appeared only after the creation of sufficiently powerful computers suitable for processing video signals in real time. Mass digital broadcasting technologies appeared only in the 1990s, however, the first work on the creation of existing systems and standards began in the early 1970s. One of the pioneers of digital television was the Japanese television company NHK , which created prototypes of equipment [46] . Almost simultaneously with the work of NHK in 1972, consultations began in the 11th study group of the ICRC under the chairmanship of Mark Krivosheev on the design of future digital TV standards [47] . The first results of the commission’s work were BT.601 recommendations on digital coding published in 1982 and the beginning of research on the effective compression of digital data for transmission [48] .

In the early 1990s, the feasibility of digital television became apparent, and the main work began on the creation of global standards, which became the American ATSC , Japanese ISDB-T and European DVB-T . The leading role in these processes also belongs to the 11th CCIR Study Group, which in 2000 issued recommendation BT.1306, which allowed harmonizing the three broadcasting standards with each other [49] . The development and successful implementation of digital broadcasting standards has also contributed to the launch of high definition television . The first HDTV standard introduced by NHK in 1989 was analog and could only be transmitted via satellite channels [50] . Digital technology has solved most of the problems and began widespread broadcasting according to 720p and 1080i standards in 1998 in the USA, in 2003 in Japan and in 2004 in Europe. Even when broadcasting in obsolete analog formats, shooting, sound recording, editing and processing are performed with digital data converted into an analog signal at the last stage of broadcasting.

Often the same digital content is transmitted simultaneously on different channels both in digital form and after digital-to-analog conversion , providing reception by devices of all types. The transition from standard definition analogue to digital broadcasting was launched by most countries in the first decade of the 21st century. In particular, in the USA the transition as a whole was completed in 2009, the remaining low-power analog transmitters should complete the transition to digital broadcasting by 2021. Russia and China planned to completely switch to digital television by 2015 [51] . However, due to the large number of analog receivers, in most regions of Russia analog transmitters continue to work. In 2016, the Minister of Communications of the Russian Federation Nikolai Nikiforov said that by 2018 the state support of analog broadcasting would cease in Russia, after which it would become unprofitable [52] [53] .

Basic Principles

 
the number of TVs per 1000 people
     1000+      500-1000      300-500     200-300      100-200      50-100     0-50      No data

Television is based on the principle of sequential transmission of image elements using a radio signal or by wire [54] . The decomposition of the image into elements occurs with the help of a Nipkov disk , a cathode ray tube or a semiconductor matrix . The number of image elements is selected in accordance with the bandwidth of the radio channel and physiological criteria. To narrow the band of transmitted frequencies and reduce the flicker of the TV screen, interlaced scanning is used . It also allows you to increase the smoothness of the transmission of motion.

The analogue television path in general includes the following devices [55] :

  1. Television transmission camera . It is used to convert the image obtained with the lens on the target of the transmitting tube or a semiconductor matrix into a television video signal .
  2. TV projector . Converts the image and sound on film into a television signal and allows you to show movies on television.
  3. VCR . Records and at the right time reproduces the video signal generated by the transmitting camera or television projector.
  4. Switcher Allows you to switch between multiple image sources: cameras, VCRs, and others.
  5. Transmitter The carrier signal of high frequency is modulated by a television signal and transmitted by radio or wire .
  6. The receiver is a television . Using the sync pulses contained in the video signal, the television image is displayed on the receiver screen ( picture tube , LCD display , plasma panel ).

In addition, a sound path similar to the radio path is used to create a television transmission. Sound is transmitted on a separate frequency, usually by frequency modulation . In digital television, sound, often multi-channel, is transmitted in general with the image to a data stream .

Broadcasting Technologies

Depending on the principle of signal transmission used, television can be terrestrial (terrestrial), cable, satellite or Internet television. The first three varieties are suitable for both analog and digital broadcasting. In modern television broadcasting, content delivery technologies are often combined using the most effective methods at different stages.

Broadcast TV

 
UHF antenna

Terrestrial (or over-the-air) television is based on transmitting a television signal to a consumer over the air using television towers and radio-relay infrastructure in the allocated frequency ranges from 48.5 to 862 MHz [56] . The indicated limit values ​​are characteristic for the transmission of analog television signals - digital television signals are transmitted at frequencies from 470 to 862 MHz ( decimeter waves ).

An indoor or outdoor antenna is used to receive the signal. In apartment buildings , a collective antenna with a preamplifier and coaxial cable routing for individual apartments is often installed.

Cable TV

Unlike terrestrial television, cable is distributed over coaxial or fiber optic networks directly to end consumers. Due to the absence of the air gap, high signal quality and good noise immunity are ensured. In addition, cable technology provides ample opportunity to create paid channels. The disadvantage of cable TV is the high unit cost of content delivery due to the need to lay networks. For the same reason, it is impossible to reach a wide audience available for broadcast television.

Satellite TV

 
Satellite Receiving Antennas

Satellite television is a system for transmitting a television signal from a transmitting center to a consumer, using artificial Earth satellites located in space in a geostationary near-earth orbit above the equator as a repeater, and equipped with transceiver equipment. It provides high-quality television signal coverage of large areas that are difficult to access in the usual way.

Analogue television is distributed via satellite, usually encoded or encrypted in NTSC , PAL , or SECAM television broadcast standard. A digital television signal or multiplexed signal is usually modulated according to QPSK or 8SPK standards. In general, digital television, including satellite transmission, is usually based on global standards such as MPEG , DVB-S and DVB-S2 .

Internet TV

The proliferation of broadband Internet access has enabled the digital distribution of digital television content directly to end users. The speed provided by most providers since the beginning of the 2010s ensures uninterrupted broadcasting both in standard quality and high definition. At the same time, a full viewing of television programs is possible both via traditional networks and wireless Internet protocols . Unlike terrestrial, cable and satellite television, transmitting their programs on schedule, Internet television provides the possibility of arbitrary selection of broadcasts, regardless of the broadcast network at a convenient time for users. In addition, the global reach of the World Wide Web provides an almost unlimited distribution area for content. As a result, a television program distributed over the Internet can be watched anywhere in the world where there is access to the network.

TV Recording

 
Household video recorder

With the start of regular commercial television broadcasting, there was a need to preserve television programs for future shows and distribution. The first television stations broadcasting in the VHF band had a limited range due to the direct propagation of radio waves. Therefore, a wider audience reach was possible only by physically delivering recordings to other television stations or by creating radio relay lines for transmitting a television signal , which appeared only in the mid-1950s. At the dawn of television, recording technology used cinema image registration , which provided extremely low quality. And only in 1956, after Ampex created the first commercial video recorder , the storage of television programs ceased to be a technical problem.

The development of video recording and the emergence of household video recorders made it possible to automatically record television programs for later viewing at a convenient time. The same technology was the beginning of a whole industry of video rental of films recorded on video tapes . Further distribution is associated with the advent of optical video discs , which have improved the quality of a home theater to a level comparable to a real movie rental . In modern television broadcasting, digital video recording and video editing technologies are used , which have become an integral part of television. Currently, the recording and playback of previously recorded PTV digital terrestrial television programs is possible on televisions or receivers having this function.

Curious Facts

  • Pope Francis refused to watch television, in which in 1990 he vowed the Virgin Mary [57]
  • The world's first mass event broadcast on television was the Olympic Games in Nazi Germany [58] .

Notes

Comments
  1. ↑ Theremin ’s works were immediately classified in connection with the alleged use in the border troops [9]
Sources
  1. ↑ Tom Butts. The State of Television, Worldwide (inaccessible link) . Opinions . TV technology (December 6, 2013). Date of treatment December 16, 2016. Archived on April 28, 2015.
  2. ↑ Makhrovsky O.V. Konstantin Persky is a Russian military engineer, scientist who coined the term “television” 110 years ago (Russian) . The history of the development of telecommunications . Virtual Computer Museum (November 14, 2010). Date of treatment December 15, 2016.
  3. ↑ 1 2 Vyacheslav Vorobyov. The word "television" was coined by a Tverite (Rus.) . Public chamber of the Tver region. Date of treatment December 15, 2016.
  4. ↑ Television . Online Ethimology Dictionary. Date of treatment December 15, 2016.
  5. ↑ Leites L.S. Essays on the History of Russian Television. - M .: FSUE "TTZ" Ostankino ", 2017. - S. 9-224.
  6. ↑ All About Faxes (Russian) . Articles Service center "Immperium". Date of treatment January 11, 2016.
  7. ↑ External and internal photoelectric effect (Russian) . Optional . "Physics.ru". Date of treatment January 27, 2016.
  8. ↑ 1 2 3 A. Yurovsky. From the first experiments to regular television broadcasting (neopr.) . Museum of television and radio on the Internet. Date of treatment August 31, 2012. Archived October 16, 2012.
  9. ↑ Gleb Davydov. Leo Theremin against death (Russian) . Private correspondent (August 28, 2014). Date of appeal September 18, 2018.
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Merkulov, 2006 .
  11. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml John Logie Baird (1888-1946)
  12. ↑ Scophony . Mechanical television . Museum of Early Television. Date of treatment September 3, 2012. Archived October 18, 2012.
  13. ↑ DRP 184710: Stetig quantitativ wirkendes Relais unter Benutzung der elektrischen Ablenkbarkeit von Kathodenstrahlen
  14. ↑ http://www.zeit.de/1957/31/Der-erste-Fernseher Gerhart Goebel. Der erste Fernseher. DIE ZEIT, 08/01/1957 Nr. 31
  15. ↑ Urvalov V. A. The development of television and the role of Russian scientists // M .: Publishing House "First of September". - Educational newspaper "Physics". - 2003. - No. 4. (article)
  16. ↑ New York Times, 1990 .
  17. ↑ http://www.qrz.ru/articles/photos/story450/protokol_isp.djvu Protocol of experiments with devices for transmitting movable images at a distance
  18. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 V. Makoveev. From black and white television to cyberspace (neopr.) . Museum of television and radio on the Internet. Date of treatment August 30, 2012. Archived October 16, 2012.
  19. ↑ Lavrenty Lishin. The history of Russian video // 625: magazine. - 1994. - No. 4 . - ISSN 0869-7914 .
  20. ↑ 1 2 Valery Samokhin. Boris Rosing, Vladimir Zvorykin and television // “625”: magazine. - 2009. - No. 10 . - ISSN 0869-7914 .
  21. ↑ Vladimir Rodionov. The history of electronic photographic painting: registration and fixation of images (Russian) . A new history of light painting . iXBT.com (April 6, 2006). Date of treatment December 17, 2016.
  22. ↑ 1 2 Julia Goryacheva. Zvorykin - Murom’s father of television (neopr.) . Private correspondent (July 29, 2014). Date of treatment March 25, 2015.
  23. ↑ The WCFL Chicago Radio Timeline Page (inaccessible link) . Chcago's Voice of Labor . WCFL Date of treatment November 21, 2012. Archived October 18, 2012.
  24. ↑ Peter Yanczer. Ulises Armand Sanabria Mechanical Television . Early Television Museum. Date of treatment November 21, 2012. Archived November 24, 2012.
  25. ↑ V.A. Urvalov. The development of television and the role of Russian scientists (Rus.) // "Physics": newspaper. - 2003. - No. 4 . - ISSN 2077-6578 .
  26. ↑ P. Shmakov. The Development of Television in the USSR (Eng.) = The Development of Television in the USSR // Television Society Journal: Journal. - 1935. - No. 2 .
  27. ↑ http://www.podberi.tv/review/459/ Homemade TV
  28. ↑ V. Dymarsky, E. Syanova. Television of the Third Reich (Neopr.) . " Echo of Moscow ." Date of treatment November 21, 2012. Archived November 24, 2012.
  29. ↑ Vladimir Makoveev. Olympic television is 70 years old! 1936 Berlin Olympics // Broadcasting: Journal. - 2006. - No. 5 .
  30. ↑ 1 2 How television was created // Svyazinvest: a magazine. - 2006. - No. 4 .
  31. ↑ TV in Leningrad . Early Television Stations . Early Television Museum. Date of treatment November 21, 2012. Archived November 24, 2012.
  32. ↑ Pre-1945 European Stations . Early Television Stations . Early Television Museum. Date of treatment November 21, 2012. Archived November 24, 2012.
  33. ↑ James O'Neal. RCA's Russian Television Connection . Early Electronic Television . Early Television Museum (August 2002). Date of treatment November 20, 2012. Archived November 24, 2012.
  34. ↑ 1 2 3 Leo Leites. On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of domestic television broadcasting // MediaVision: Journal. - 2011. - No. 7 . - S. 68 .
  35. ↑ 1 2 Urvalov, 2003 .
  36. ↑ Leonid Chirkov. World Television Decomposition System - 50th Anniversary // 625: Journal. - 1998. - No. 7 . - ISSN 0869-7914 . Archived {a.
  37. ↑ Ed Reitan. CBS Field Sequential Color System (inaccessible link) . A site about color television systems (24 August 1997). Date of treatment February 2, 2014. Archived January 5, 2010.
  38. ↑ Rainbow TV (unopened) . Prom. equipment . "The radio lamp." Date of treatment February 3, 2014.
  39. ↑ Rainbow TV (Russian) . Prom. equipment . "The radio lamp." Date of treatment February 3, 2014.
  40. ↑ Russian Raduga (Rainbow) Field Sequential Color Set . Early Color TV . Early Television Museum. Date of treatment February 10, 2014.
  41. ↑ Leo Leites. Contribution of a married couple I.A. Averbukh - V.E. Tesler in the development of color television (rus.) . Time machine . Broadcasting Magazine (July 2010). Date of treatment October 9, 2014.
  42. ↑ Pevzner, 2007 .
  43. ↑ I.K. Anufriev. Moscow Research Television Institute - to the development of television broadcasting in the country (Russian) . The history of the development of telecommunications . Virtual Computer Museum (2001). Date of treatment February 14, 2014.
  44. ↑ Smirnov A.V. Fundamentals of digital television. - M .: Hotline-Telecom, 2001.P. 224. ISBN 5-93517-059-0
  45. ↑ Krivosheev, 2008 , p. 33.
  46. ↑ Dzhakonia, 2002 , p. 564.
  47. ↑ M.A. Bykhovsky. Professor M. I. Krivosheev and the development of television broadcasting systems (Russian) . The history of the development of telecommunications . Virtual Computer Museum (April 28, 2008). Date of treatment December 18, 2016.
  48. ↑ Krivosheev, 2008 , p. 25.
  49. ↑ Krivosheev, 2008 , p. 28.
  50. ↑ Dzhakonia, 2002 , p. 565.
  51. ↑ Alexander Amzin. Solid digits (unspecified) . Technology . Tape.ru (June 16, 2009). Date of treatment January 7, 2010. Archived on August 25, 2011.
  52. ↑ Ministry of Communications: digital television will completely replace analog in 2018 (Russian) . News feed . Kommersant (October 24, 2016). Date of treatment December 20, 2016.
  53. ↑ Analog TV will be turned off in Russia in 2018 (Russian) . Novovesti (October 28, 2016). Date of treatment December 20, 2016.
  54. ↑ S. G. Lapin . Television // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
  55. ↑ Structural diagram of a television system (neopr.) . Encyclopedia@Broadcasting.ru . Date of treatment January 7, 2010. Archived on August 25, 2011.
  56. ↑ On the approval of the Table of the allocation of radio frequency bands between the radio services of the Russian Federation and the recognition of certain decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation as invalid: (rus.) . Ministry of Digital Development, Telecommunications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. Date of treatment March 4, 2019.
  57. ↑ Pope Francis has not been watching television for 25 years (neopr.) . BBC (May 25, 2015).
  58. ↑ Aliens do not respond? We are not interested in artificial intelligence , BBC, October 25, 2016

Literature

  • V.E. Dzhakonia. A television. - M .: “Hot line - Telecom”, 2002. - S. 311-316. - 640 s. - ISBN 5-93517-070-1 .
  • Krivosheev M.I. At the start of the widespread introduction of digital television broadcasting in Russia (Rus.) // "625": magazine. - 2008. - No. 1 . - S. 23-35 . - ISSN 0869-7914 .
  • D. Merkulov. Television is 80 years old // Science and Life : Journal. - 2006. - No. 1 . - ISSN 0028-1263 .
  • Boris Pevzner. Drama of color television // Broadcasting. Television and radio broadcasting ": magazine. - 2007. - No. 6 .
  • V.A. Urvalov. The development of television and the role of Russian scientists // "Physics": journal. - 2003. - No. 4 . - ISSN 2077-6578 .
  • Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer 91 (English) // The New York Times : Newspaper. - 1990. - July 25. - ISSN 0362-4331 .

Links

  • Anna Kachkaeva. "Half a century on Mokhovaya." 50 years of the science of television and radio broadcasting (neopr.) (Inaccessible link) . Department of Television and Radio Broadcasting. Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University . Institute for Advanced Studies of Television and Radio Broadcasting Workers (November 27, 2008). Date of treatment November 26, 2009. Archived on August 26, 2013.
  • Lukov M.V. Television: television picture of the world
  •   70th anniversary of Russian television
  •   About the first domestic television tower
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Television&oldid = 101510595


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Clever Geek | 2019