Turkey [1] [2] (male - turkey ; Meleagris gallopavo ( Linnaeus , 1758) ) - a large chicken of the New World from the genus of turkeys , a family of pheasant . It is considered the founder of domestic turkey .
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Content
General characteristics
(illustration by John Audubon ) [3] |
(illustration by John Audubon ) [3] |
Wild turkeys are large, weigh up to 8 kg ( male ). The length of the male is 100-110 cm, the females are 85 cm. The legs are long, strong. Birds are capable of flying over short distances [4] .
Appearance
The upper side of the turkey is brownish-yellow and brownish-red, with a metallic sheen, feathers with black borders, the lower back and tail coverts are brown with green and black stripes. The underside is yellowish brown to brownish gray. The feathers are black-brown with lighter stripes. The tail is brown with black wavy stripes.
The head and upper half of the neck are blue, not feathery. There are so-called “warts” of red color: a fleshy appendage hangs on the forehead at the base of the beak , a fold of skin hangs on the throat.
The legs are red or purple. On the chest there is a bundle of bristly feathers similar to horse hair.
The female is paler colored and smaller than the male.
Lifestyle
It is found in the forests of North America .
It feeds on plant and animal foods - nuts , acorns , grains and various fruits , as well as insects .
Reproduction
Nest on the ground. In April, the female lays from 10 to 15 and even 20 eggs and selflessly guards them.
Wild turkeys often connect with domestic females, the chicks are obtained at the same time better quality than from domestic turkeys.
Distribution
Distributed in the southeastern United States and in Mexico .
People and Turkey
Aztec use
In his fundamental work, The General History of the Affairs of New Spain (1547-1577), Bernardino de Sahagun , based on Aztec information about the properties of plants, provided various information on the use of turkey in health-restoring dishes:
... But if the patient’s stomach became extremely disordered, then let him drink a certain kind of atole , which in the local language is called istatolli, or a broth of cooked turkey two or three times. The ailment will be cleansed. Then eat ... [5] Or drink this well-cooked water from Ashin, but if he doesn’t want to drink it, then at least let him drink chicken stock ... [6] And if the diarrhea is strong, they are forced to take some bird stock or liquid gruel called yolatolli ... [7] Having taken it in this way, the patient drinks a little bird stock or broth from bird breasts called yolatolli, and, taking it, eats; but he should not drink cold water ... [8]
Modern meaning
Wild turkey is a subject of hunting as a rifle (sneak up on males on a current, that is, in the mating season), and traps. The latter is facilitated by the extreme stupidity of the bird.
Turkey meat, although not as tender as chicken, is more nutritious. The female is tastier than the male, and therefore they choose the first one to stuff it with chestnuts and truffles . Old turkeys are only suitable for boiling soups and broths from them. Since wild turkeys eat acorns, berries and fruits, their meat is tastier than homemade. The boneless turkey meat is cooked , for which they roll the meat into a roll and stew it, or cook a turkey stuffed with minced meat , pistachios and other things.
Domesticated turkey is one of the main types of poultry .
Turkey in philately
Postage stamps from 29 countries, including the Soviet Union (issue of three stamps of 1990) [9] [10], were devoted to wild and domestic turkey.
Wild Turkey on a United States Postage Stamp (1956)
Home turkey on postage stamp Azerbaijan (2012)
Classification
There are seven subspecies of turkey:
- Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo
- Meleagris gallopavo intermedia
- Meleagris gallopavo merriami
- Meleagris gallopavo mexicana
- Meleagris gallopavo onusta
- Meleagris gallopavo osceola
- Meleagris gallopavo silvestris
Genetics
Karyotype : 80 chromosomes ( 2 n ) [11] .
- Molecular genetics
- The deposited nucleotide sequences in the database EntrezNucleotide , GenBank , NCBI , USA : 329,214 (as of February 19, 2015).
- Deposited protein sequences in the database EntrezProtein , GenBank, NCBI, USA: 27 343 (as of February 19, 2015).
Domestic turkey - as a genetically well-studied species of birds - owns a significant part of the deposited nucleotide sequences in the order Galliformes .
Genome : 1.31-1.68 pg ( C-value ) [12] .
Complete sequencing of the domestic turkey genome was completed in 2010; in this case, the turkey became the third bird species (after chicken and zebra amadina ), for which there is a physical map and assembly of the sequence of the full genome [13] [14] [15] [16] . Due to the good assembly quality of the M. gallopavo genome, carried out at the chromosomal level, the species is important in comparative genomics for elucidating the evolution of avian genomes [17] [18] .
Notes
- ↑ Boehme R. L. , Flint V. E. The Bilingual Dictionary of Animal Names. Birds. Latin, Russian, English, German, French / Ed. ed. Acad. V. E. Sokolova . - M .: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - S. 66. - 2030 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0 .
- ↑ Other Russian names - ordinary , or North American wild, turkey .
- ↑ 1 2 Audubon JJ The Wild Turkey // Ornithological Biography. - Edinburgh: Adam Black, 1831. - Vol. 1. - P. 1-17, 33, 34. (English)
- ↑ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo , GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived January 1, 2016 at Wayback Machine
- ↑ Sahagun, 2013 , p. 31.
- ↑ Sahagun, 2013 , p. 47.
- ↑ Sahagun, 2013 , p. 113.
- ↑ Sahagun, 2013 , p. 120.
- ↑ Stamps showing Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo . Species Sorted: Mainly Images: Pheasants and allies Phasianidae . Theme Birds on Stamps; Kjell Scharning. Date of treatment February 22, 2015. Archived February 22, 2015.
- ↑ Wild Turkey . Species Index: Clements Families: Meleagridae (Turkeys) . Birds of the World on Postage Stamps; Chris Gibbins Date of treatment February 22, 2015. Archived February 22, 2015.
- ↑ Beçak ML, Beçak W., Roberts FL, Shoffner RN, Volpe EP Chromosome Atlas: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds. Vol. 1 / Ed. by and TC Hsu. - Berlin — New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971. (English)
- ↑ Database of animal genome sizes.
- ↑ Romanov MN , Dodgson JB (2005-01-15). " Development of a physical and comparative map of the turkey genome " in International Plant and Animal Genome XIII Conference, San Diego , January 15-19, 2005 .: 69, San Diego, CA , USA : Scherago International. Abstract W297. Retrieved 2007-10-27 . (English) (Retrieved February 26, 2015)
- ↑ Romanov MN , Dodgson JB Cross-species overgo hybridization and comparative physical mapping within avian genomes (Eng.) // Journal . - Oxford , UK: International Society for Animal Genetics; , 2006. - Vol. 37, no. 4 . - P. 397-399. - ISSN 0268-9146 . - DOI : 10.1111 / j.1365-2052.2006.01463.x . - PMID 16879356 . Archived February 15, 2015. (Retrieved February 15, 2015)
- ↑ Dalloul RA , Long JA , Zimin AV , Aslam L. , Beal K. , Blomberg Le A. , Bouffard P. , Burt DW , Crasta O. , Crooijmans RP , Cooper K. , Coulombe RA , De S. , Delany ME , Dodgson JB , Dong JJ , Evans C. , Frederickson KM , Flicek P. , Florea L. , Folkerts O. , Groenen MA , Harkins TT , Herrero J. , Hoffmann S. , Megens HJ , Jiang A. , de Jong P . , Kaiser P. , Kim H. , Kim KW , Kim S. , Langenberger D. , Lee MK , Lee T. , Mane S. , Marcais G. , Marz M. , McElroy AP , Modise T. , Nefedov M. , Notredame C. , Paton IR , Payne WS , Pertea G. , Prickett D. , Puiu D. , Qioa D. , Raineri E. , Ruffier M. , Salzberg SL , Schatz MC , Scheuring C. , Schmidt CJ , Schroeder S . , Searle SM. , Smith EJ , Smith J. , Sonstegard TS , Stadler PF , Tafer H. , Tu ZJ , Van Tassell CP , Vilella AJ , Williams KP , Yorke JA , Zhang L. , Zhang HB , Zhang X. , Zhang Y. , Reed KM Multi-platform next-generation sequencing of the domestic turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ): genome assembly and analysis (Eng.) // PLoS Biology : Journal. - San Francisco , CA, USA: Public Library of Science , 2010. - Vol. 8, no. 9 . - P. e1000475. - ISSN 1544-9173 . - DOI : 10.1371 / journal.pbio.1000475 . - PMID 20838655 . Archived on February 9, 2015. (Retrieved February 15, 2015)
- ↑ Turkey (Turkey_2.01): Meleagris gallopavo - Description . Ensembl 78: Ensembl release 78 . WTSI - (December 2014). Date of treatment March 14, 2015. Archived March 14, 2015.
- ↑ Zhang G., Li C., Li Q., Li B., Larkin DM, Lee C., Storz JF, Antunes A., Greenwold MJ, Meredith RW, Ödeen A., Cui J., Zhou Q., Xu L., Pan H., Wang Z., Jin L., Zhang P., Hu H., Yang W., Hu J., Xiao J., Yang Z., Liu Y., Xie Q., Yu H. , Lian J., Wen P., Zhang F., Li H., Zeng Y., Xiong Z., Liu S., Zhou L., Huang Z., An N., Wang J., Zheng Q., Xiong Y., Wang G., Wang B., Wang J., Fan Y., da Fonseca RR, Alfaro-Núñez A., Schubert M., Orlando L., Mourier T., Howard JT, Ganapathy G., Pfenning A ., Whitney O., Rivas MV, Hara E., Smith J., Farré M., Narayan J., Slavov G., Romanov MN, Borges R., Machado JP, Khan I., Springer MS, Gatesy J., Hoffmann FG, Opazo JC, Håstad O., Sawyer RH, Kim H., Kim KW, Kim HJ, Cho S., Li N., Huang Y., Bruford MW, Zhan X., Dixon A., Bertelsen MF, Derryberry E., Warren W., Wilson RK, Li S., Ray DA, Green RE, O'Brien SJ, Griffin D., Johnson WE, Haussler D., Ryder OA, Willerslev E., Graves GR, Alström P., Fjeldså J., Mindell DP, Edwards SV, Braun EL, Rahbek C., Bu rt DW, Houde P., Zhang Y., Yang H., Wang J., Avian Genome Consortium, Jarvis ED, Gilbert MT, Wang J. Comparative genomics reveals insights into avian genome evolution and adaptation (Eng.) // Science : magazine. - Washington, DC , USA: American Association for the Advancement of Science , 2014. - Vol. 346, no. 6215 . - P. 1311-1320. - ISSN 0036-8075 . - DOI : 10.1126 / science.1251385 . - PMID 25504712 . Archived February 16, 2015. (Retrieved February 16, 2015)
- ↑ Romanov MN, Farré M., Lithgow PE, Fowler KE, Skinner BM, O'Connor R., Fonseka G., Backström N., Matsuda Y., Nishida C., Houde P., Jarvis ED, Ellegren H., Burt DW, Larkin DM, Griffin DK Reconstruction of gross avian genome structure, organization and evolution suggests that the chicken lineage most closely resembles the dinosaur avian ancestor (Eng.) // BMC Genomics : Journal. - London, UK: , Current Science Group, 2014. - Vol. 15. - P. 1060. - ISSN 1471-2164 . - DOI : 10.1186 / 1471-2164-15-1060 . - PMID 25496766 . Archived on March 6, 2015. (Retrieved March 6, 2015)
Literature
- Turkey - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . (Retrieved February 19, 2015) Archived February 19, 2015.
- Knipovich N.M. (with additions of Sobichevsky V.T. and Kanshin D.K. ). Turkey // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Sahagun B. de . General story of the affairs of New Spain. Books X — XI: The knowledge of asteks in medicine and botany / Ed. and per. S. A. Kuprienko. - K .: Vidavets Kuprіnko S.A., 2013 .-- 218 p. - ( Mesoamerica . Sources. History. Man). - ISBN 978-617-7085-07-1 .