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Northern Confederation of Tribes

Hypothetical territory of the Northern Confederation of Tribes in the year of calling Rurik

The Northern Tribal Confederation [1] [2] , also the Northern Tribal Federation [3] [4] [5] , the Northern Tribal Union [6] [7] or the Northern Super Union [8] [9] - a hypothetical East Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribal political formation, formed in the middle of the IX century in the northern part of the East European Plain . The confederation included tribes of Slovenes , Krivichs and Meryans . The names of any of the elders of the confederation are not known for certain. According to historian V.V. Sedov , a more detailed study of the history of the Northern Confederation of Tribes is impossible without archaeological research.

Content

Hypothesis

 
East Slavic tribes on the map of Eastern Europe in the 9th century

One of the arguments cited by the supporters of the hypothesis in favor of the existence of this union is the Novgorod First Annals (NPL) of the Younger Exodus, which refers to the creation of a large tribal education, led by the elders of each tribe, to oppose the Vikings [10] [11] :

 In summer 6362 (854). In the days of Kyev and Schek and Khoriv of Novgorod, people, recommendations of Slovenia, and curvia, and measure: Slovene had its own volost, and its own curvature, and to the extent possible; each possessing his own family; and a kind of kind; and a tribute to the dayakh of the Varangians from her husband, according to Believer; and even byakhu with them, then this violence to dyahu is Slovenian, Krivichy and Meryam and miracle. And I’ve made up Slovenia and krivitsy and Meria and Chyud against the Varangians, and I have banished beyond the sea; and the nachasha of dominion themselves and the cities of staviti [12] . 

However, according to the same chronicle, a civil war broke out later between the tribes that make up the hypothetical union, in order to end which it was decided to invite the single prince from the side that Rurik became.

 And vastasha themselves to fight, and the war between them is great and strife, and vastasha hail to hail, and no more truth in them. And rѣsha to myself: “We will seek the prince, who would have owned us and ruled by right”. Going overseas to the Varangian and Roksha: “our land is large and plentiful, and we have no clothes; let us reign and rule over us. " 3 brothers got rid of their clan, and having belted a squad with them, I’m many and even betray, and came to Novugorod. And from the old town in Novgorod, his name was Rurik; and others on the Bѣlѣozero, Sineus; and the third in Izborsk, his name Truvor [12] . 

The fact that within the confederation, created to repulse the common enemy, conflicts of interest between the elders began shortly after the time of peace came to be natural and quite consistent with the realities of that time: such historical moments were recorded both among the Baltic Slavs and the Prussians [13] .

Differences with the "Tale of Bygone Years"

The Tale of Bygone Years provides information similar to the data from the NPL, but does not bring them under a single 854 year , but somewhat stretches it over time. So, the expulsion of the Varangians dates back to 859 , and the beginning of the reign of Rurik 862 . In addition, among the tribes who called the prince, instead of the Meryans [14], the whole [12] is called.

Confederation Composition

Its structure included the following tribes: Slovenes , Krivichi and Meria [10] . According to some researchers, the Finno-Ugric tribe Chud took part in the trade activities of the confederation [15] . The historian A. A. Shakhmatov believed that the appearance of the Chud tribe in the annals is a late insert [16] .

Tribal Centers

 
Terrain Hill in the south of the Slavensky end of the Trade side of Novgorod, where the Church of Elijah the Prophet in Slavna and the Church of Peter and Paul in Slavna are located

Experts believe that the Novgorod settlement was the administrative center of Slovenes, Sarskoye and Timerevo were the administrative centers of the Meryans, and Izborsk and Pskov were the tribal centers of the Krivichi [17] [18] .

Chronicles are called Novgorod as the main administrative center, where Rurik was to subsequently be invited, but archaeological materials indicate that the settlement appeared there only in the second half of the 900s. According to some historians, the chronicles transfer the name of the city of Novgorod to them to the more ancient settlement, which was the Settlement [19] . Hypothetically, this settlement could be called Kholm-gorod ( dr. Russian. Halm-gorod ), which is reflected in the form of Holmgarðr among the Scandinavians [20] . Also not excluded is the option of what was meant by Kholm - the Novgorod region in the south of the Slavic end , mentioned in the chronicles [21] .

Radiocarbon analyzes suggest that the Settlement existed at least already in the late 700s, and judging by the dating of the time when the moat was dug, the date of the foundation of the settlement should be shifted to the early 700s [22] .

Parish of Slavic tribes

 
Communities of East Slavic tribes according to the books of V.V. Sedov

According to the scientific data of recent decades, such East Slavic tribes of the North as Slovenes and Krivichi, at the first stages of their formation, existed separately from the East Slavic tribes of the South [1] .

In addition, a number of linguists, historians, anthropologists and archaeologists such as M. T. Kachenovsky , A. A. Kotlyarevsky , S. A. Gedeonov , I. E. Zabelin , N. M. Petrovsky , as well as A. I. Sobolevsky and A. A. Shakhmatov [23] , spoke out in favor of the fact that these tribes descend from a common root with the Slavic tribes of the Baltic - Pomeranians and Slaves .

 
Slavs on the map of Europe in the 1st half of the 5th century AD e. (according to V.V. Nikolaev)
 
Slavs on the map of Europe in the 2nd half of the 5th century AD e. (according to V.V. Nikolaev)

Their relocation to the northern territories of the East European Plain, according to archaeologists, occurred at the end of IV – V centuries [ specify ] [1] .

Archaeological cultures

As a result of this, archeological cultures arose that were in no way connected with the previous cultures of this region [1] [24] :

  • Culture of the Pskov long mounds ( culture of Novgorod hills )
  • Tushemlin culture
  • Meryanskaya culture
  •  

    Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe in the 3rd-4th centuries AD e.

  •  

    Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe in the V — VI centuries BC. e.

  •  

    Tribes of Eastern Europe in the 7th-8th centuries AD e.

Ethnogenesis of Meryans

The tribe of Meryans, who later inhabited the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal , was originally a native speaker of the Finno-Ugric family , but was Slavicized by the very first wave of Slavic colonists moving to the East, although it retained the original ethnonym - Merya / Meryans.

 The dialects of this group cannot be explained as a result of the secondary development of any of the known accentological systems, but should be considered as the earliest branch from the Proto-Slavic; The ethnicity of the carriers of this dialect is, apparently, the earliest eastern colonization stream of the Slavs. The foregoing, apparently, casts doubt on the attribution of golyady and meryany accepted in science [25] . 

Nevertheless, the “primordial” measure was preserved in the marginal lands for some time to come [26] .

Confederation History

The historian VV Sedov believed that a more detailed study of the history of the Northern Confederation of Tribes is impossible without archaeological research [1] . He also suggested that the formation of the confederation of the North Slavic tribes took place somewhere in the years 820-850, since it is with this period, according to archaeological data, that a quiet period of the history of this region is associated [15] .

 
Localization of the Russian Kaganate according to V.V. Sedov [27]

The historian G.V. Vernadsky considered the Northern Confederation of Tribes to be a certain unit of the Russian Haganate , and he called Staraya Russa , like A. A. Shakhmatov and S. F. Platonov [28] .

V. S. Pokrovsky connected the Northern Confederation of Tribes with the “ Slavia ” of such Arab authors as Istahri , Ibn-Haukal , Abu Zayed al-Balkhi and carried out reconstruction of some time periods of its history [29] . The same sources call this group (al-Slavia), with the main city of Salau, where their king sits, the most distant and most important among the three groups of Rus [30] .

 It seems to me that this place should be compared with the materials of the Russian annals. According to her, before the capture of Kiev by Oleg and the transfer of the residence there, the main city of the Rus was Novgorod, or rather the city that preceded it. This was recorded by the Arab informants of that time, who called the Rus as-Slaviya the highest and most important for that time (850-880s) [31] . 

The historian I. Ya. Froyanov believes [30] that despite the fact that Arab wanderers call the head of the group al-Slaviyah the king, it is erroneous in this connection to somehow overestimate his authority [32] : this title, as well as the title “kagan” ”(“ Hakan ”), he only said that this ruler has under his authority rulers lower rank and claims to dominate the region [33] .

The Life of St. Ansgaria reports that in 852, the ruler of Sweden, Anund Uppsalski , attacked and captured Birka , after which, to protect the city from plunder, he sent troops to a certain Slavic city [34] [35] . Based on this information, several hypotheses were put forward, one of which was proposed by G. Lovmyansky - he suggested that Novgorod could be this city, but he considered West Slavic more likely [36] .

Confederation Heads

The names of any of the elders of the confederation are not known for certain, but if Gostomysl is not a fiction, but a real historical character, then, according to historians, he was one of the rulers of this political entity [15] .

Criticism

Some scholars consider it incorrect to use modern terms in relation to ancient political entities [37] [38] .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Sedov V.V. Confederation of North Russian tribes in the middle of the 9th century // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1998 In memory of Corr. RAS A.P. Novoseltseva. / T. M. Kalinina . - M .: "Eastern Literature" RAS , 2000. - S. 244. - 494 p. - ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  2. ↑ Melnikova E.A. Slavs and Scandinavians. - M .: Progress, 1986. - S. 286. - 416 p.
  3. ↑ Zuev M.N. , Volkova I.V. History of Russia from antiquity to the present day. - 2nd. - M .: Higher school, 1998 .-- S. 15 .-- 638 p.
  4. ↑ Lebedev G.S. The Viking Age in Northern Europe and in Russia .. - Eurasia, 2005. - P. 456. - 640 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-8071-0179-0 .
  5. ↑ Dubov I.V. North-Eastern Russia in the Early Middle Ages: Historical and Archaeological Essays. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the Leningrad University , 1982. - S. 116. - 248 p.
  6. ↑ Shaskolsky I.P. On the initial stages of the formation of the Old Russian State // Formation of early feudal Slavic states .. - Kiev, 1972. - P. 55-67.
  7. ↑ Ermolaeva L.K., Kovalenko S.V. Domestic history in schemes. - M .: FLINT, 2013 .-- S. 13 .-- 164 p.
  8. ↑ Puzanov V.V. The main features of the political system of Kievan Rus X-XI centuries. // Studies in Russian history. A collection of articles on the 65th anniversary of Professor I. Ya. Froyanov / Puzanov V. V. .. - St. Petersburg - Izhevsk: Publishing House of the Udmurt University, 2001. - P. 19–47.
  9. ↑ Usenko O. G. Politogenesis in Russia in the socio-psychological aspect // Discussion questions of Russian history: Materials of the third scientific-practical. conf. "Discussion problems of Russian history in high school and school courses." - Arzamas: AGPI, 1998 .-- S. 50-54.
  10. ↑ 1 2 Sedov V.V. Confederation of North Russian tribes in the middle of the 9th century // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1998 In memory of Corr. RAS A.P. Novoseltseva. / T.M. Kalinin . - M .: "Eastern Literature" RAS , 2000. - S. 240. - 494 p. - ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  11. ↑ Froyanov I. Ya. Rebel Novgorod. Essays on the history of statehood, social and political struggle of the late IX - early XIII century .. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 1992. - P. 69. - 280 p. - ISBN 5-288-00919-8 .
  12. ↑ 1 2 3 Gorsky A. A. The invitation of Rurik to reign in the monuments of the ancient Russian initial annals // Historical Bulletin, Volume 1 [148]. The beginning of Russian statehood. / Under the general editorship of A. A. Gorsky. - M .: Runivers, November 2012 .-- S. 6-23.
  13. ↑ Sedov V.V. Confederation of North Russian tribes in the middle of the 9th century // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1998 In memory of Corr. RAS A.P. Novoseltseva. / T.M. Kalinin . - M .: "Eastern Literature" RAS , 2000. - S. 241. - 494 p. - ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  14. ↑ Novgorod first annals of senior and junior plots / Nasonov, Arseniy Nikolaevich . - M. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences , 1950. - P. 106. - 648 p.
  15. ↑ 1 2 3 Sedov V.V. Confederation of North Russian tribes in the middle of the 9th century // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1998 In memory of Corr. RAS A.P. Novoseltseva. / T.M. Kalinin . - M .: "Eastern Literature" RAS , 2000. - S. 248. - 494 p. - ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  16. ↑ Shakhmatov A. A. Investigations of the oldest Russian annalistic vaults .. - St. Petersburg, 1908. - S. 291-294.
  17. ↑ Sedov V.V. Confederation of North Russian tribes in the middle of the 9th century // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1998 In memory of Corr. RAS A.P. Novoseltseva. / T.M. Kalinin . - M .: "Eastern Literature" RAS , 2000. - S. 246-247. - 494 p. - ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  18. ↑ Melnikova E. A. Prerequisites for the emergence and nature of the “Northern Confederation of Tribes” // Ancient Russia and Scandinavia: Selected Works / Glazyrina G.V. and Jackson T.V. - M .: Russian Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Science, 2011. - S. 101. - 477 p. - ISBN 978-5-91244-073-1 .
  19. ↑ Temushev S. N. The Origin of the Old Russian State. Special course for students of the history faculty. - 2013 .-- S. 72.
  20. ↑ Jackson T.N. Austr í Görđum: Old Russian place names in Old Norse sources. - M. , 2001. - S. 90-92.
  21. ↑ Jackson T.N. Chapter 6. Hólmgarðr - Novgorod: “City on an Island” or “* Halm Gorod”? // Austr í Görðum: Old Russian place names in Old Norse sources. - M .: Languages ​​of Russian culture, 2001.
  22. ↑ Popov S. G., Zaitseva G. I. The early stages of settlement of the Novgorod district and the lower tiers of Novgorod according to radiocarbon analysis. // New sources on the archeology of the North-West .. - St. Petersburg, 1994. - S. 164-183.
  23. ↑ Krysko, Vadim Borisovich . The ancient Novgorod-Pskov dialect on the general Slavic background // Questions of linguistics . - M .: " Science ", 1998. - No. 3 . - S. 74-93 .
  24. ↑ Sedov V.V. Slavs in the early Middle Ages. - Fund of Archeology, 1995. - 416 p. - ISBN 5-87059-021-3 .
  25. ↑ Dybo V. A. , Nikolaev S. L. , Zamyatina G. I. Fundamentals of Slavic accentology. - M. , 1990. - S. 157-158.
  26. ↑ Sedov V.V. Confederation of North Russian tribes in the middle of the 9th century // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1998 In memory of Corr. RAS A.P. Novoseltseva. / T.M. Kalinin . - M .: "Eastern Literature" RAS , 2000. - S. 245. - 494 p. - ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  27. ↑ Sedov V.V. Slavs: Historical and archaeological research .. - M. , 2002. - P. 267, 290.
  28. ↑ Vernadsky G.V. History of Russia: Ancient Russia .. - Tver - Moscow, 1996. - S. 337-345.
  29. ↑ Pokrovsky V. S. The Ancient Principality of Slavia. (To the question of the importance of the North in the formation of the Old Russian state) // Scientific notes of the Saratov State Law Institute . - Saratov: Publishing house of the Saratov State University, 1960. - T. IX. - S. 148-186.
  30. ↑ 1 2 Froyanov I. Ya. Rebel Novgorod. Essays on the history of statehood, the social and political struggle of the end of the 9th – beginning of the 13th centuries .. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 1992. - P. 70. - 280 p. - ISBN 5-288-00919-8 .
  31. ↑ Novoseltsev A.P. Eastern sources about the Eastern Slavs and Russia of the VI-IX centuries. // The Old Russian state and its international significance .. - M .: Nauka, 1965. - P. 417. - 477 p.
  32. ↑ D. Machinsky. About the time and circumstances of the first appearance of the Slavs in the North-West of Eastern Europe according to written sources // Northern Russia and its neighbors in the early Middle Ages .. - Leningrad, 1982. - P. 7-24.
  33. ↑ Novoseltsev A.P. On the question of one of the most ancient titles of the Russian prince // History of the USSR. - 1982. - T. 4. - S. 152, 157.
  34. ↑ Temushev S. N. The Origin of the Old Russian State. Special course for students of the history faculty. - 2013 .-- S. 20.
  35. ↑ Sverdlov M. B. Domongol Russia .. - P. 101.
  36. ↑ Ловмянский Г. Рорик Фрисландский и Рюрик Новгородский // Скандинавский сборник.. — 1963. — Т. VII. — С. 241—242.
  37. ↑ Фроянов И. Я. Мятежный Новгород. Очерки истории государственности, социальной и политической борьбы конца IX – начала XIII столетия.. — Санкт-Петербург: Издательство Санкт-Петербургского университета, 1992. — С. 68. — 280 с. — ISBN 5-288-00919-8 .
  38. ↑ Пчелов Е. В. Монархи России. — М. : ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2003. — С. 12. — 668 с.

Literature

  • Седов В. В. Конфедерация северно-русских племен в середине IX в. // Древнейшиие государства Восточной Европы. 1998 г. Памяти чл.-кор. РАН А. П. Новосельцева . / Т.М. Калинина . — М. : «Восточная литература» РАН , 2000. — С. 240—249. — 494 с. — ISBN 5-02-018133-1 .
  • Мельникова Е. А. Предпосылки возникновения и характер «северной конфедерации племен» // Древняя Русь и Скандинавия: Избранные труды / Глазырина Г. В. и Джаксон Т. Н. . — М. : Русский Фонд Содействия Образованию и Науке, 2011. — С. 101. — 477 с. — ISBN 978-5-91244-073-1 .
  • Froyanov I. Ya. Rebel Novgorod. Essays on the history of statehood, the social and political struggle of the end of the 9th – beginning of the 13th centuries .. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 1992. - P. 68–74. - 280 p. - ISBN 5-288-00919-8 .
  • Temushev S. N. The emergence of the ancient Russian state // Lecture notes on the course “History of Russia and Ukraine from Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 17th Century” - Minsk : Belarusian State University. - S. 12 - 102 p.


Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Северная_конфедерация_племён&oldid=100899009


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