Firefighter - an employee of the professional fire department [1] , a full-time unit for calculating a fire engine , fire train [2] . In the intervals between exits to extinguish fires, it can perform the functions of a sentry (in a garage, office and utility rooms, at the facade of a fire station building), guard or sentinel. Currently, the concept is used as a collective name for the profession of a representative of the fire brigade personnel (fire inspector, fire prevention specialist, etc.). [3] Firefighter is a general industry working profession of the 4th or 5th category in the Russian Federation. [four]
A voluntary firefighter, unlike a professional firefighter, is not an employee or employee of the fire department - this is an individual who is a member or member of a public fire protection association and who takes part free of charge in the prevention and (or) suppression of fires and emergency rescue operations [ 5] .
Young firefighters are called the participants of the All-Russian children and youth public movement "Young Fireman" .
Fire extinguishing in mine workings is carried out by mine rescuers . Rescue operations related to extinguishing fires can be performed by both firefighters and rescuers.
History
Historically, a firefighter is the lowest rank in the fire brigade, having special training in extinguishing a fire. The original name is “fireman”, then “fireman” [6] . For the first time in relation to the name of the representative of the profession, the word fireman was officially introduced into the Russian language in 1881 by truncating the word "minister" from the above phrase. [3]
The first professional firefighters were boaters from the Thames. The insurance companies that arose after the Great Fire of London created their own fire brigades to reduce insurance payments in the event of fires. The boaters were distinguished by their strength and reliability; they were easy to find at any time and sent to extinguish the fire. The insurance company employed eight to forty people in the fire brigade, as well as several assistants for the removal of property from burning buildings [7] .
Firefighter
Firefighter - the colloquial name of a firefighter (correctly - fire ) [8] . According to Gilyarovsky, firefighters are fire victims, real and false, who came and came to Moscow with their families for alms collected at “burnt places” [9] .
From 1944 to 1970, there was a departmental award badge " Excellent Firefighter " in the USSR. The word firefighter is found in regulatory legal acts back in 1986 [10] .
Today, the word fireman is used in the meaning of “firefighter” and is considered neutral, and the word fireman is vernacular.
Image in Culture and Art
Literature
Roman A. Zarina “Gray Heroes”, 1893 [11]
Fireman. From the cycle “Moscow and Muscovites” Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky [12]
Roman V. Sanina "The Great Fire "
Movies
The plots. Moscow firefighters (1906 - 1910)
The Fireman ( A Gallant Fireman / The Fiery Circle ) is a short film by Charlie Chaplin released on June 12, 1916 .
Chicago Firefighters is an American television series that premiered on NBC on October 10, 2012. [13]
“ The Whirlwind of Fire ” ( English Backdraft - “ Backdraft ”) is a Ron Howard film, shot in 1991.
“The Case of the Brave [14] ” (Eng. Only the Brave) is an American film based on real events. The premiere took place in the fall of 2017.
Painting
Fire art (French Les Pompiers, Art) is the official name for the pompous artsy style with a claim to antiquity in the official court art of France in the second half of the 19th century. The term comes from a pun, and is derived from the hats with horsehair tails worn by French firefighters in the paintings. With the spread in the culture of the Russian elite in the 19th century, the fashion of “everything French”, the style of fire art began to exert its influence in painting. [15]
The engraving "Firefighters in St. Petersburg at night" (1845) by Nikolai Egorovich Sverchkov depicts the emergency departure of firefighters for a call. Four firemen in uniform and helmets ride a fire engine, next to them their boss rides a horse. On the left at the post they are escorted by a daily. [15]
Fire topics are widely represented in the works of Soviet and Russian artists of the XX ... XXI centuries. The works “Portrait of a Fireman” (Arlen Mikhailovich Kashkurevich, 1955), “Everyday Life of a Fireman” (N.S. Pogrebnyak, 1930), “Firefighters” (N.A. Lich, 1986), and “Extinguishing” are widely known. fire at an oil refinery in the city of Grozny ”(P. Mironov, 1975),“ Games of the Fire Fighters ”(Alexey Shalaev, 2007). The work captures the life and work of firefighters, with a noticeable manifestation of respect for the profession. [15]
Painting I.E. Repin "Fireman"
Postage stamp USSR: Firefighter
Postage stamp Germany: Voluntary German Firefighters
Rewards
- USSR and Russia
The Medal “For courage in a fire” is the USSR state award, which was also awarded to firefighters, members of voluntary fire brigades (from October 31, 1957 to March 4, 1991);
Medal “For courage in a fire” - the state award of the Russian Federation, established in 2018;
Medal “For courage in a fire” - departmental medal of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia (since December 6, 2002).
Monuments
In honor of the exploits committed by firefighters, as well as in memory of firefighters who died in the line of duty, state and public organizations erect monuments in various countries and erect memorial signs:
- Monument to firefighters and rescuers in the courtyard of the North Caucasus Regional Center of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia ( Pyatigorsk ). Opened in June 2014 [16] .
- The monument to firefighters who died in the line of duty was installed in the city of Ufa in the Kirov region on Tsyurupy street near fire station No. 2.
- Monument to firefighters who died in extinguishing fires from Nazi air raids on Grozny on October 10 - 15, 1942 - in the city of Grozny , located on the corner of Industrial Street and Kultury Avenue.
- The memorial sign to the dead firefighters “Brave Glory” - is located in the Soviet district of the city of Chelyabinsk , opposite the building of the fire-technical exhibition (68 Pushkin St.).
- The monument to the “Hero-Rescuer” was erected in Donetsk in the Leninsky district on the square in front of fire station No. 2.
See also
- Fire and Applied Sports
- Fire Beetle
Notes
- ↑ Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegova // vedu.ru (classic and full-text search for words and expressions)
- ↑ Appendix No. 1 to the Sanitary Rules for Special-Purpose Railway Transport Formations. SP 2.5.1335-03 (Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of 05.30.2003 No. 113)
- ↑ 1 2 Firefighter // Fire Safety. Encyclopedia. —M.: FGU VNIIPO, 2007
- ↑ Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated 10.11.1992 No. 31 “On the approval of tariff and qualification characteristics for industry-wide occupations of workers”
- ↑ Federal Law of May 6, 2011 No. 100-ФЗ “On Voluntary Fire Protection” (Article 2)
- ↑ Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by Vladimir Dahl 2nd Edition, Volume 2 (1881) at Wikisource
- ↑ Medvedeva A.A. Historical and legal foundations of the formation of fire insurance in the UK . “Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of State Fire Service”, 2006, No. 4 (15) (January 22, 2006). - The first years of the emergence and development of fire insurance in the UK influenced the development of other types of insurance and laid the foundations for corporate insurance business. At this time, the foundations of risk assessment were laid, and the need to protect the population and territories from fires was determined, which led to the development of a national fire service. Date of treatment August 26, 2014.
- ↑ Firefighter and fireman // GRAMOTA.RU - reference and information Internet portal "Russian Language": Information: Dictionary of difficulties
- ↑ Gilyarovsky V.A. Moscow and Muscovites. Fireman
- ↑ “The position of a firefighter is established in institutions with a bed network from 951 to 1100 places - 1 position” // Ministry of Social Security of the RSFSR. Order of October 22, 1986 N 132 "On the typical structures and typical staff of institutions of the system of the Ministry of Social Security of the RSFSR"
- ↑ Gray Heroes: Roman / A. Zarin. - St. Petersburg: Publishing. Prince cl. "Homeland", 1893. - 239 p .; 21.
- ↑ V.A. Gilyarovsky. Collection in four volumes. - M .: True, 1989. - T. 4. Wikisource
- ↑ NBC Announces Aggressive and Staggered Season Premiere Strategy for Fall 2012 . The Futon Critic (June 14, 2012). Date of treatment July 12, 2012. Archived September 24, 2012.
- ↑ The Case of the Brave (Russian) // Wikipedia. - 2018-07-31.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kuznetsova E.B., Bashkireva N.V. The image of a fireman in Russian painting of the 19th-21st centuries // Fire safety: problems and prospects T. 1 No. 8, 2017
- ↑ Newspaper Pyatigorskaya Pravda. June 17, 2014. No. 98 (8073)