Of the earth

"Earth"

Zemli (translated from Latin terrae ) is the original scientific name for any insoluble loose and clay rocks in geology and oxides in chemistry .

Content

Term

This term denoted earthy , that is, loose, easily rubbed in the hands of powdery rocks ^[1] . The earth had insoluble and refractory properties, such as clay . According to these signs, they stood out in a separate group of substances, such as salts or ores .

Currently, this name has been preserved in the words “ silica ”, “ alumina ”, etc., is present in the terms “ rare earth elements ” and “ alkaline earth metals ”.

History

MV Lomonosov in the catalog of the Mineral Cabinet of the Kunstkamera of the Academy of Sciences from 1745 for the first time in Russia describes and classifies collections of various lands that differ in color, composition and even taste or smell. In the catalog there are names: earth, called milk of the moon; medicinal land; land like chalk, etc. ^[2] . The catalog includes the following types of land :

Clay oily and soft soils
Clay loamy earths, tight
Clay dry, soft earths
Dry tight clay
Chalk
Stony lands and margins.

In 1747, I. G. Vallerius divided the Mineral Kingdom into ^[3] :

Of the earth
Stones (including rocks)
Minerals (including metals and ores)
Fossils

In 1758, A. F. Kronstedt classified minerals and rocks into ^[4] :

Of the earth
Salt
Combustible rocks
Metals

In 1801, in Russia, the systematization and analysis of land by the “wet” and “dry” methods was first carried out in detail and systematized by V. M. Severgin ^[5] . He first singled out the term rocks from the concepts of mineral , soil , earth, etc. ^[6] .

Classification

With the development of chemistry and mineralogy in the 18th century, clay, lime and other lands were divided into ^[7] :

Simple lands

Simple lands, according to A. G. Werner , consist of one mineral. These include:

Known - Calcium Oxide
Clay - Alumina
Heavy - Barium Oxide
Magnesia or talc - magnesium oxide
Siliceous - silicon oxide
Ground Coal - Brown Coal

Rare Earths

Lungs - Cerium Minerals
Heavy - Yttrium Minerals

Currently, this term designates a special group of chemical elements - rare earth elements .

Notes

↑ Earthy rocks // Geological Dictionary. T. 1. M .: GNTI Lit. on protection Subsoil, 1960.S. 254.
↑ Lomonosov MV (1745). Catalogus minerarum: [Mineral catalog. Catalog of stones and fossils of the Kunstkamera Mineral Cabinet of the Academy of Sciences] // Musei imperialis Petropolitani, vol. 1, pars tertia, qua continentur res naturals ex regno minerali. Petropoli; The same // Complete Works: In 11 vol. T. 5. M .; L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. S. 7-69.
↑ Wallerius JG Mineralogia, eller mineral-riket, indelt och beskrifvit. Stockholm: Salvii, 1747. [36], [1] 479 s .; The same on it. lang Berlin: Nicolai, 1750. [48], [1] 600, [32] S .; The same in French. lang Paris: Durand, Pissot, 1753. [2], 569, [3] p .; The same in Russian. lang Valery I.G. Mineralogy or a description of all kinds of ores and minerals from the land of things, compiled by Johann Gottschalk Valery, Royal Swedish Academy of Philosophy and Medicine at Uppsala, doctor, and translated from German into Russian by the current state adviser, Berg collegium by the president and the Coin Chancellery of the main Judge Ivan Schlatter. St. Petersburg: IAN, 1763. [6], 699, [34] p.
↑ Kronstedt A.F. Experience in the classification of the kingdom of minerals. Translation: The experience of Kronstett mining with the additions of G. Brinnich, translated from German into Russian by Matvey Kurdymanov. St. Petersburg: 1776.372 s.
↑ Severgin V. M. Assay art, or a guide to the chemical testing of metal ores and other fossil bodies. SPb .: type. IAN, 1801. XVI, [15], 370 c.
↑ Menyailov A. A. The origin of the doctrine of rocks // History of geology. T. 1. M .: Nauka, 1973. C. 40-42
↑ Ushakova N. N., Figurnovsky N. A. Works of V. M. Severgin in chemistry, chemical technology and mineralogy // Vasily Mikhailovich Severgin: (1765-1826). M .: Nauka, 1981.P. 81.

Links

Rare Earths - Journal

[1] Earthy rocks // Geological Dictionary. T. 1. M .: GNTI Lit. on protection Subsoil, 1960.S. 254.

[2] Lomonosov MV (1745). Catalogus minerarum: [Mineral catalog. Catalog of stones and fossils of the Kunstkamera Mineral Cabinet of the Academy of Sciences] // Musei imperialis Petropolitani, vol. 1, pars tertia, qua continentur res naturals ex regno minerali. Petropoli; The same // Complete Works: In 11 vol. T. 5. M .; L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. S. 7-69.

[3] Wallerius JG Mineralogia, eller mineral-riket, indelt och beskrifvit. Stockholm: Salvii, 1747. [36], [1] 479 s .; The same on it. lang Berlin: Nicolai, 1750. [48], [1] 600, [32] S .; The same in French. lang Paris: Durand, Pissot, 1753. [2], 569, [3] p .; The same in Russian. lang Valery I.G. Mineralogy or a description of all kinds of ores and minerals from the land of things, compiled by Johann Gottschalk Valery, Royal Swedish Academy of Philosophy and Medicine at Uppsala, doctor, and translated from German into Russian by the current state adviser, Berg collegium by the president and the Coin Chancellery of the main Judge Ivan Schlatter. St. Petersburg: IAN, 1763. [6], 699, [34] p.

[4] Kronstedt A.F. Experience in the classification of the kingdom of minerals. Translation: The experience of Kronstett mining with the additions of G. Brinnich, translated from German into Russian by Matvey Kurdymanov. St. Petersburg: 1776.372 s.

[5] Severgin V. M. Assay art, or a guide to the chemical testing of metal ores and other fossil bodies. SPb .: type. IAN, 1801. XVI, [15], 370 c.

[6] Menyailov A. A. The origin of the doctrine of rocks // History of geology. T. 1. M .: Nauka, 1973. C. 40-42

[7] Ushakova N. N., Figurnovsky N. A. Works of V. M. Severgin in chemistry, chemical technology and mineralogy // Vasily Mikhailovich Severgin: (1765-1826). M .: Nauka, 1981.P. 81.