Gorbacheva, Raisa Maksimovna

Childhood and Youth

Paternal grandfather - Andrei Filippovich Titarenko moved from the village to Chernigov , was non-partisan, spent four years in prison, worked as a railwayman.

My paternal grandmother is Maria Maximovna Titarenko.

Andrei Filippovich and Maria Maksimovna had three children: two daughters and a son. Andrei Filippovich died during a walk, buried in Krasnodar . ^[four]

Maternal grandfather - Pyotr Stepanovich Parada (1890-1937) - was a wealthy peasant, had six children, four survived: son Alexander Petrovich Parada (worked as an economist, died at 26), son Ivan Petrovich Parada and daughter Alexander. Grandfather was executed as a Trotskyist, as he opposed collectivization and the Stakhanov movement , was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988.

Maternal grandmother - Anastasia Vasilievna Parada - a peasant woman, died of hunger. ^[four]

Father - Maxim Andreevich Titarenko (1907-1986) - a railway engineer of Ukrainian origin, arrived in Altai from the Chernigov province .

Mother - Alexandra Petrovna Titarenko (nee Parade; 1913-1991) ^[4] , is a native Siberian , a native of the village of Veseloyarsk, Rubtsovsky district, Altai Territory ^[5] .

Younger brother - Evgeny Maksimovich Titarenko (1935–2018) - writer, niece - Irina, a graduate of the Higher Art School named after Stroganova. ^[4] .

The younger sister - Lyudmila Maksimovna Ayukasova (b. 1938) graduated from the Bashkir Medical Institute , worked as an ophthalmologist in Ufa . During the illness, R. M. Gorbacheva Lyudmila was ready to become a bone marrow donor for her sister, Bashkir husband Ayukasov Damir Harisovich (5.3.1931-3.9.1999) - engineer, Honored inventor of the RSFSR invented the 3-blade Agidel razor, died in 1999 year, falling intoxicated from a ladder. Nephew Ruslan Damirovich Ayuksakov graduated from the Law Department of Bashkir State University , there is a granddaughter. ^{[6] [7] [8] [4]} .

The family often moved after their father, a railwayman.

Raisa Maximovna Titarenko was born on January 5, 1932 in Rubtsovsk, West Siberian (now Altai ) region.

Raisa spent her childhood in Siberia and the Urals. After graduating with a gold medal from secondary school number 3 in Sterlitamak (1949), she came to Moscow and was accepted to the Faculty of Philosophy (1950) without examinations at Moscow State University . There, in a hostel, she met her future husband Mikhail, who studied at the law faculty .

September 25, 1953 married Mikhail Gorbachev . The wedding was played in the diet canteen of a student dormitory on Stromynka .

As Mikhail Gorbachev told in a press interview in September 2014, the first pregnancy of Raisa Maksimovna in 1954, back in Moscow, due to heart complications after rheumatism, the doctors were forced to terminate artificially with his consent; the student spouses lost the boy whom his father wanted to call Sergey.

In 1955, the Gorbachevs, having completed their studies, moved to the Stavropol Territory , where Raisa felt better with climate change, and soon their only daughter Irina was born to the couple ^[9] .

Life in the Stavropol Territory

After graduation, she entered graduate school, but soon after her husband, who was assigned to the Stavropol prosecutor’s office, she moved to the Stavropol Territory . The first 4 years, R. M. Gorbacheva could not find a vacancy in the specialty, and the family lived on the salary of her husband, a Komsomol worker. The Gorbachev family lived in a small rented room in Stavropol , where in 1957, Raisa Maximovna and Mikhail Sergeyevich had a daughter, Irina. In the same year, the family moved to a communal apartment, where they occupied two large rooms.

Living in Stavropol, R. M. Gorbacheva was a lecturer in the Stavropol branch of the All-Russian society “Knowledge”, taught at the Department of Philosophy of the Stavropol Medical Institute , the Stavropol Agricultural Institute , prepared a qualification scientific work in the field of sociology ^[5] .

In 1967, she defended a dissertation at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin on the topic “Formation of new features of the life of the collective farm peasantry (based on materials from sociological studies in the Stavropol Territory)” and received the degree of candidate of philosophical sciences . ^[ten]

On December 6, 1978, the Gorbachevs moved to Moscow ^[11] . There, before the election of Mikhail Gorbachev as Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Raisa Maksimovna lectured at Moscow State University, continued to participate in the activities of the All-Russian society “ Knowledge ”.

First Person Wife

After 1985 , when her husband was elected Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU , Raisa Maksimovna took up social activities. Together with academician D. S. Likhachev , G. V. Myasnikov and other figures of national culture, she created the Soviet Culture Fund and became a member of the Presidium of the Fund.

Largely thanks to R. M. Gorbachev, the Fund received support from the Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art , the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art , the Museum of Marina Tsvetaeva , the Museum of Private Collections of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts , the Benois Family Museum in Peterhof , and the Roerich Museum . He also contributed to the restoration of churches and monuments of civil architecture, the return to the USSR of previously exported cultural property, libraries and archives.

In the period from 1986 to 1991, the Fund attracted and directed for cultural activities funds equivalent to one hundred million US dollars ^[12] .

As the wife of the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and later the President of the USSR , accompanied Gorbachev on his trips, participated in receptions of foreign delegations coming to the Soviet Union, regularly appeared on television, often causing hostility to Soviet women, many of whom it seemed to her too often changes outfits and talks a lot. Before her, Valentina Tereshkova usually met with the wives of dignitaries who came to the USSR.

“There are a lot of myths and conjectures about my extraordinary addiction to villas, cottages, luxurious outfits, jewelry,” Raisa Maksimovna was surprised. “I didn’t sew either with Zaitsev , as he hinted in his interviews, or with Yves Saint Laurent , as the journalists claimed ... I was dressed by female craftsmen from the studio on the Kuznetsk bridge ... "

Claims for outfits - not the only ones slipping then in the press. Former head of the General Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU and assistant M. S. Gorbachev V. I. Boldin writes in his book “The Collapse of the Pedestal” about how the KGB was instructed to select the staff for the first lady from silent working women, not younger and not more attractive than the mistress .

Abroad, the personality of Gorbachev aroused great interest and high marks. So, the British magazine “Woman's Own” called her the woman of the year (1987), the International Fund “Together for Peace” awarded Gorbachev the “Women for Peace” prize, and in 1991 - the “Lady of the Year” prize. It was emphasized that the wife of the president of the USSR acted in the eyes of the public as a "messenger of peace", and her active support for Gorbachev's progressive plans was noted.

During the presidency, Gorbachev participated in the work of the Foundation for Help to Children of Chernobyl, carried out the patronage of the International Charitable Association “World Hematologists to Children”, and patronized the Central Children's Hospital in Moscow ^[13] . Gorbacheva became one of the active women on a European scale, became a laureate of a number of public awards, an honorary professor at universities in Europe, America, and Asia.

However, the hostility of compatriots and compatriots to the way of life of Gorbacheva pursued her until the August putsch of the State Emergency Committee of 1991 , when during the days of the conclusion of the President of the USSR in Foros, people first saw in her a woman who supported her husband in difficult times . As a result of these events, she suffered a microstroke , her vision deteriorated.

Social Activities and Charity

After Gorbachev's voluntary resignation from the post of president of the USSR, she disappeared from the field of view of the press. The Gorbachev couple lived in a summer cottage provided to the former president for life.

In 1996, Mikhail Gorbachev ran for president of the Russian Federation . Raisa Maksimovna was against, but to the best of her ability, she helped her husband.

“I was <...> against the entry of Mikhail Sergeyevich into the new presidential campaign. Because I did not learn from books what the life of a reformer is. I had to share this life with him. I had to go through a lot from the 85th year. And only because of this I didn’t want Mikhail Sergeyevich to come back again and become president. But Gorbachev is a politician to the last cell of his being. He made a decision, and I am his wife and help him ” ^[14] .

After the collapse of the USSR, Mikhail Sergeyevich wrote six books. Huge work to verify the facts and figures was done for him by Raisa Maksimovna .

R. M. Gorbacheva was also the honorary chairman of the association “World Hematologists for Children”, which was involved in helping patients with leukemia, personally sponsored the Central Children's Clinical Hospital in Moscow.

In 1997, she created and headed the Raisa Maximovna Club , which provided assistance to children's hospitals, provincial teachers and teachers working with “difficult children”. The Club discussed the social problems of Russia: the role of women in society, the situation of unprotected layers of society, children. An important place in the club’s modern activities is the study of gender inequality and restrictions on the participation of women in public policy. Currently, the president of the Club is the daughter of Raisa and Mikhail Gorbachev - Irina Virganskaya.

Sickness and death

On July 22, 1999, doctors of the Institute of Hematology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , headed by the attending physician and a friend of the Gorbachev family ^[15] A. I. Vorobyov , discovered a serious blood disease - leukemia - in Raisa Gorbacheva. Among the possible causes of the disease were transferred medication, stress, complications after other diseases. It is also possible that the disease was the result of nuclear tests in Semipalatinsk in 1949 , when a radioactive cloud covered its hometown . One of the causes of Gorbacheva’s disease was also called the consequences of the radiation exposure she received during a visit to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant shortly after the 1986 disaster .

Already on July 26, 1999, R. M. Gorbachev, accompanied by her husband and daughter, arrived in Münster at the medical clinic of the University of Westphalia Wilhelm , which is known for its successes in the treatment of cancer. Her treatment continued here for about two months under the supervision of Professor Thomas Büchner , one of the leading hematologists and oncologists in Europe ^[16] . Bulletins on the state of health of R. M. Gorbacheva were transmitted in 1999 by all the media, which made her shortly before her death say: “I must have had such a serious illness and died so that people would understand me.”

“To be completely honest, the probability of a successful outcome was not high,” admitted Gorbacheva, MD, professor T. Buchner. - Initially, she was prescribed chemotherapy , after which we hoped to have a bone marrow transplant. The donor was to be Lyudmila Titarenko, her own sister. But during chemotherapy, immunity decreases sharply and the risk of infection increases. Raisa Maximovna turned out to be just such a case. At one time she abruptly recovered, and we hoped that a rescue operation could soon be carried out. But suddenly she felt worse - fell into a coma. She died without regaining consciousness ” ^[17] .

She died on September 20, 1999 at about 3 a.m. local time, she was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow ^[18] .

Husband - Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born March 2, 1931), politician, first and last president of the USSR.

Daughter - Irina Mikhailovna Virganskaya (born January 6, 1957), works in Moscow, first husband Anatoly Olegovich Virgansky (born July 31, 1957) - vascular surgeon of the Moscow First City Hospital (marriage from April 15, 1978 to 1993), second husband Andrei Mikhailovich Trukhachev - a businessman engaged in transportation (marriage since September 26, 2006).

Granddaughters:

• Ksenia Anatolyevna Virganskaya-Gorbacheva (born January 21, 1980)
  • The first husband, Kirill Vadimovich Malt, the son of an entrepreneur (born October 25, 1982), got married on April 30, 2003,
  • Second husband - Dmitry Vladislavovich Pyrchenkov (born February 24, 1973) (former concert director of singer Avraam Russo), got married in 2009
    • Great-granddaughter - Alexandra Pyrchenkov (born October 22, 2008).
• Anastasia Anatolyevna Virganskaya (born March 27, 1987) is a graduate of the journalism department of MGIMO, works as a chief editor on the Trendspace.ru website,
  • husband Dmitry Zangiev (born 1987), married on March 20, 2010. Dmitry graduated from the Eastern University at the Russian Academy of Sciences, studied in 2010 at the graduate school of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, and worked in 2010 at an advertising agency.

• In 2006, with the support of the Gorbachev Foundation , the Gorbachev family and State Duma deputy , Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Reserve Corporation A.E. Lebedev, the Raisa Gorbacheva International Fund was created in London to finance projects aimed at combating childhood leukemia and cancer . In 2006, AE Lebedev transferred to the Raisa Gorbacheva Foundation his share of shares in a Russian aircraft rental company worth about one hundred million pounds (about 190 million US dollars) ^[19] .
• The Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Transplantology in St. Petersburg was named after R. M. Gorbacheva, the creation of which in 2007 was made possible thanks to the activities of the Gorbachev Foundation. At the opening of the institute, the chief hematologist of the Russian Federation Alexander Rumyantsev emphasized that “with the efforts of Gorbacheva in 1994, the first department of pediatric hematology and transplantology was opened in Russia, and today there are already 84 such departments” ^[20] .
• On June 16, 2009 Mikhail Gorbachev released the song “Songs for Raisa”, dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the death of Raisa Maximovna. As Gorbachev said, the disk contains seven of Raisa Maximovna’s favorite romances, performed by him accompanied by Andrei Makarevich . The disc was put up for a charity auction in London , not massively distributed ^[21] .
• In December 2014, the British National Archives published archival government documents 30 years ago regarding the first visit of M.S. Gorbachev and his wife to London in December 1984. As it turned out, after the visit, Raisa Maksimovna maintained correspondence with the British Minister of Agriculture, Michael Jopling, whom she met during negotiations at the Prime Minister’s residence, Margret Thatcher Checkers, and sent him recipes for potato dishes, and with them a cookbook. This story was told by the British newspaper The Telegraph ^[22] .

• Natalia Starykh - Affectionate May , 2009.
• Daria Moroz - That's how the stars developed , 2016.

• Mikhail Zvezdinsky - Perestroika (1988) “Thank you, Misha, Paradise, for a different life, thank you for perestroika ...” ^[23]

• “She was an outstanding woman, a real sixties. To graduate from the excellent philosophical faculty of Moscow State University and get a recommendation for graduate school for a girl without connections is worth a lot. Frankly speaking, she excelled her husband culturally. Mikhail Sergeyevich himself understood this. He loved her, appreciated her, and there was nothing to hide, he constantly consulted with her. ”( Gavriil Popov , 2005) ^[24] .
• Mikhail Gorbachev noted in Raisa Maximovna fluency in English . Thanks to this, Gorbacheva could communicate with Margaret Thatcher at ease, other politicians and friends in the West, and her husband - only through an interpreter ^[9] .

• Gorbacheva R. M. Life of the collective farm peasantry. Stavropol, 1969.
• Gorbacheva R.M. XXIV Congress of the CPSU on the further development of socialist culture. Ставрополь, 1973.
• Горбачёва Р. М. Я надеюсь… . — М. : Новости, 1991. — 256 с. , 100 000 экз.
• Горбачёва Р. М. Я надеюсь… М.: Книга, 1991. 192 с. 200,000 copies

• Urda Jürgens. Raisa, the 1st First Lady of the Soviet Union , Summit Books, 1990, ISBN 0-671-72663-3
• Мороз Б. Д. Раиса. Памяти Раисы Максимовны Горбачёвой. — М. : Вагриус, 2000. — 319 с. — ISBN 5-264-00432-3 .
• Водолазская Е. С. Раиса Горбачёва. — Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2000. — 320 с. — (След в истории).
• Платонов С. В. Горбачёвы: Чета президентов. — М. : Эксмо, Алгоритм, 2012. — 288 с. — (Семейные кланы). - 3000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-699-55008-1 .
• Ратманский В. Первая леди (неопр.) . Газета «Сорок один» (Зеленоград), 1999, № 15, с. 1, 3 . gorby.ru (18 февраля 1999). — Интервью Р. М. Горбачёвой (недоступная ссылка заменена архивной) . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 28 сентября 2008 года.

• Горбачёва, Раиса Максимовна на « Родоводе ». Tree of ancestors and descendants
• Раиса Горбачёва. Биография (неопр.) . Горбачёв-фонд (gorby.ru) . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Фонд Раисы Горбачёвой (неопр.) . raisafund.org.uk . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Надгробие Р. М. Горбачёвой (неопр.) . novodevichye.com . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Р. Горбачёва. Статьи, выступления, интервью (неопр.) . Горбачёв-фонд (gorby.ru) . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Р. М. Горбачёва. «Я надеюсь…» (неопр.) . Горбачёв-фонд (gorby.ru) . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Статьи о Р. М. Горбачёвой (неопр.) . Горбачёв-фонд (gorby.ru) . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Завада М., Куликов Ю. Михаил Горбачёв: «Мы с Раисой были привязаны друг к другу насмерть» (неопр.) . izvestia.ru (12 января 2007). Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Обоймина Е., Татькова О. 8 лет назад умерла Раиса Горбачёва (неопр.) . ХайВей (h.ua) (19 сентября 2007). Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Добрусин В. Прямой эфир для Горбачёва (неопр.) . Интервью Горбачёвых «Новой газете» в 1996 г. . novayagazeta.ru (1 марта 2004). Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Окунев И. Дети Кремля. Чем занимаются потомки Горбачёва, Ельцина, Зюганова, Миронова, Селезнёва и пр. (неопр.) . ЦентрАзия (19 июля 2003). — Источник — «Российская газета» . Дата обращения 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.
• Боброва И. Последняя леди СССР (неопр.) . Московский комсомолец, 1999, № 18233 . mk.ru (19 ноября 1999). Дата обращения 10 февраля 2013. Архивировано 11 февраля 2013 года.