Shih Okotsky

The name of this leader of the okok and “owner” of the Okhotsk land is known from a number of Russian-language documents of the end of the 16th - early 17th centuries - letters , petitions , formal replies , etc. Different researchers differently transcribe the modern Nakh name into the modern Russian language, indicated in documents in the Old Russian manner . The historian and archeographer of the times of the Russian Empire, S. A. Belokurov, in his work of 1889, refers to this military-political figure as Shih-Murza / Mirza ( Russian douref . Shih-Murza / Mirza ) ^[5] , also indicated by Caucasian reporters of the Soviet period ( for example, E. N. Kusheva , N. G. Volkova ) ^[6] . In the documents of the end of the XVI - the beginning of the XVII centuries, the title of Shih-Murza is quite freely designated - sometimes it is the traditional title of eastern feudal lords in the Russian state - indicated as something like mza, something like m and rza (with both a small and a capital letter ), and sometimes it is the prince .

It is likely that the Old Russian Shih might have been a distorted word sheikh ^[7] , used in this case as a name. Then, it would be more accurate to transcribe the name of this ruler as Sheikh into Russian, and assuming a comparison of old Russian documents with Akkinian-Aukhians ( see below ), his name may be transcribed as Sheikh Akkinsky . Sometimes researchers write down the name of Shikh Okutsky together (through a hyphen) with the Turkic title Mirza / Murza - Shikh-Mirza / Murza (eg S. A. Belokurov ^[8] , E. N. Kusheva ^[9] ).

Most likely, that under the nooks of Russian documents is to understand Akkun-Aukhov people (an ethnic group that constituted a component in the ethnogenesis of modern Chechens ), who at that time were united in the traditional Nakh “society” ^{[~ 1] [10]} . Their historical homeland is the land - Auh ).

The documents of the Russian state , in particular the Ambassadorial Order , report on the activities of Shih-Murza , as “the industry of every state affair, ” in conjunction with the Terek atamans and Cossacks. Usually, this activity consisted in sending to the Russian authorities " all sorts of news and languages [captive informants]", as well as in ensuring the protection of the Russian ambassadors following through the territory controlled by Shikhim-Murza . The operational zone of his influence was probably part of the Terek valley and, in fact, the very possession of Shikh-Murza - Okotskaya land ; information about his long-range military expedition - to the Iron Gate ^{[~ 2]} .

The beginning of the union. Ivan IV's reign

Probably, the first contacts and the basis for cooperation between the leaders of the towns and the Russian state was laid by the father of Shikh-murza - Ushary-murza . He entered into poddannicheskie relations with the Russian authorities during the founding of the first fortification camps in the Terek valley by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible . In 1567, here, in the area of ​​the confluence of the Terek Sunzha , the Russians built a prison - the first Turks (representatives of Moscow - Prince A. Babichev and P. Protasiev ), around 1572, under pressure from the Ottoman Empire, the fortification was left; in 1577 or 1578, the second Turki were built in the same place (representative of Moscow - voivod L. Z. Novosiltsev ), however, in 1579 the fortress was again abandoned. In the diploma brought from Shikh-Murza to Moscow in 1588 ^{[~ 3]} it is reported that during this period, he and his father served "the faith and truth " in the interests of the Russian sovereign ^[11] .

After the death of Ivan IV, in a period of weakening of Moscow’s positions in the North-Eastern Caucasus, Shih-Murza thought about moving to the borders of the Russian state. In 1586 he came to the Cossack settlements on the Terek in order to agree on the acceptance of Russian citizenship and departure to Astrakhan by a private individual (the old Russian. - go to the sovereign’s name ). Also, for negotiations on this, he sent two of his people (in the Russian document - Urak and Byazia ) to the Astrakhan voevode F. M. Lobanov-Rostovsky . The reason for the desire to move was the intensification of the Shikh-Murza confrontation with the neighboring Tarkov shamkhalstvo and the “ mountain people ” (probably some Avar and Vainakh societies) - they “ overtake the Evo along the roads, and they want to kill Evo ”. However, despite the agreement of F. Lobanov-Rostovsky, for some reason, Shikh-Murza’s departure did not take place ^{[~ 2] [12]} .

Contacts with the embassy of R. P. Birkin and P. Pivov

In April 1587, Shih-Murza accompanied the ambassadors of the Russian state R. P. Birkin and P. M. Pivov , who carried out a diplomatic and intelligence mission to Kakheti to Tsar Alexander II .

Renewal of the union during the construction of Terkov. Fedor I Board

Ostrogi in the mouth of the Sunzha were built and left by the Russian authorities several more times, but later they were called Sunzhenskys , and Tersky / Turki began to be called a fortification city in the Terek delta on its channel - the Tyumenka river, built on or near the abandoned city of Tyumen (from - for which the first Russian jail was first called Tyumen ); it was founded in 1588 (representatives of Moscow - voivods M. I. Burtsev and I. P. Protasiev / “Kelar”). In a diploma of 1588 ^{[~ 3]} Shih-Murza informs Russian Tsar Fedor I Ivanovich that as soon as he learned about the construction of a new Russian fortification, “ having arrived in that new city to your sovereign commanders, he gave the truth to the sovereign have taken the oath] " ^[11] .

During the confrontation of the Russian state with Tarkov shamkhalism, in the context of coordinating the military actions of Moscow with the Kakheti kingdom , the question arose of the shortest and strategically most convenient way from Terek to Kakheti.

At one time, without any official support from Moscow, a detachment from Turke whose number was more than 1,500 people was taken under the patronage of the Chechen ruler Shih Okotsky ^[13] .

Relations with Moscow

The passage of the diploma of Shih Okotsky, submitted to the Russian Tsar Fedor Ivanovich by the Ambassador of Shih, Batay Shikhmurzin , during a reception in Moscow in 1588 , documented evidence of the sustainable and traditional nature of the economic development of the Aukh workers. In the charter, Shih Okotsky notes his assistance in the construction of royal fortresses on the Terek River not only in the diplomatic and military-political field, but also with assistance in the form of supply supply:

Already in this passage presents a wide range of economic activities auhovtsev. Naturally, the population of Aukh supplied goods and products not for free, but in exchange or selling it to serving Cossacks and builders of fortresses-towns on the Terek River ^[14] .

With the appearance of the Okotskaya settlement in Terek, the Aukhites, along with other North Caucasian peoples, begin to be drawn into the all-Russian trade, in particular, with cities such as Astrakhan and Moscow . The son of the leader of Aukh Shih Okotsky, Bataille, who visited Moscow in 1605 with a diplomatic mission, was also engaged in trade, having bought there fifteen sets of combat equipment. For that time, such very expensive goods required serious expenses ^{[14] [15]} . When Bataille subsequently violated the oath given to the Russian tsar and was forced to flee from the city of Tersk to the land of the Aukhites in Okoh (Auh), all his property seized by the Russians was transferred to the inhabitants of the city of Tersk and the Cossacks ^{[14] [16]} .

In the second half of the 16th century, Moscow headed for the establishment of active political ties with the peoples of the North Caucasus, which subsequently continued throughout the 17th century . The lack of centralization of Chechen societies ( taypas ) during this period complicated the interaction of the Moscow government with them. In Chechnya , it was literally to determine the status of relations with each of the numerous Chechen taips, most of which at that time lacked established feudal institutions of power. During the end of the 16th — 17th centuries, Chechen political representatives repeatedly visited Moscow with a diplomatic mission, as well as on official business ^[17] .

The first envoys to Moscow were from the neighborhood (aukhovtsev). Okotskaya land, apparently, the earliest flat settlement of a part of the Chechen people — okoka — recorded in Russian documents, is quite remote from other Chechen societies. Their leaders alone had to assert their right to independent existence. Very convenient location of Okotskaya land in the immediate vicinity of the most important strategic North Caucasian route along the Terek and Sunzha rivers deep into Dagestan and, further, in Transcaucasia, with the possibility of seizing control of its significant part, near the stanitsa of Grebensky Cossacks, close to the first Russian fortresses in Tersko -Sulak interfluve, as well as, adjacent to the possessions of the Kumyk princes, contributed to the activity of the leaders of the nooks of Usharom and his son Shikh-murza. The defense of their feudal ulus against the claims of more numerous and strong Kumyk and Kabardian rulers Okoczian Murzy was seen only in alliance with the Russians, which were consolidated in the first Russian fortresses between the Terek and Sunzhi rivers 1567, 1578, 1589 ^[17] .

It is these facts that explain the political orientations of the leaders of the victories towards the Russian Empire. Two letters of testimony from Moscow Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, dated 1587 and 1588, testify to this. In 1588, Shih-Murza, as the sovereign, sent an embassy to Moscow to conclude a political union. Moscow’s recognition of “citizenship”, in essence. was a personal obligation of Shih-murza to the king, personal service to him, for which he was appointed a personal salary. Similar political unions were also made by the Moscow kings with the Kabardian and Dagestan rulers. Such “citizenship” had no real impact on the internal affairs of North Caucasian societies, their main goal was to support the Russian political line in the Caucasus, as well as to jointly oppose opponents ^[17] .

In this vein, Shih-Murza’s relations with Moscow continued to develop even after 1589 until the mid-1990s. XVI century., Before the murder of Sheikh Okotsky Ahmed Khan for consistent commitment to Russia. 160 okochan families from the nearest environment of Shih-murza Okoktsy immediately left Okotskaya land (Auh) and settled in the Terek fortress as sovereign service people under the protection of the royal governors. Among the servicemen, he was also the son of Shikh-murza Okotsky, Batay-murza, who, most likely, for some time headed the Chechen society okoki in the Terek city. The feudal elite nested Batay-Murza, then Kohostrov-Murza Beytemirov , his sons Albir-Murza and Chapan-Murza and their descendants — along with the Kabardian Murza, became direct and active conductors of Russian policy in the Caucasus throughout the 17th century ^[17] .

Okotskie Murzy in the Terek fortress, occupying the primary position, sought to consolidate their status, supporting him with the royal letters and the “sovereign salary” worthy of their Russian service. So, at the royal receptions in Moscow in 1605, 1614, 1621, 1636, 1648. Okocian Murzy, representatives of the Uzden part of the Okochan (Circassian and Biksha Aleevy) and the “best people” from the Okochan visited. The two letters of Shiha-murza Okotsky of 1588 survived only in the Russian translation. Petite okochan Terek city XVII . were written by the Terek clerks ^[17] .

Shih Okotsky maintained friendly relations with the Western ruler of the Nakh community, their leader Sultan-Murza calls Shihu his brother ^[18] , but he did not have hereditary ties with Shih-Murza ^{[19] [20]} . Sultan-Murza, calling the Shakha-Murzu owner of Okotsk “his brother” (this is a term of social equality, not family kinship, as some authors err), clearly defines the motives of his political orientation ^[20] . Sultan-Murza was a devoted friend and like-minded Shih Okotsky ^[21] .

As Russian documents show in the possession of Shikh Okotsky, along with free Cossacks. Judging by the literacy of Shih, a rather large group of Cossacks of warriors was left under his leadership and command: Shih, in his letter to the tsar, states that their number was "500 people were Cossacks" and plus "my servants, 500 people." T. A. Isaeva gives an additional figure on the number of Shikh troops in 100 horsemen, 1,000 foot soldiers - one must assume that in addition to the "500" of his servants. Consequently, under the command of Shih Okotsky at that time, it turns out to be a rather impressive for those times force, 1000-1500 soldiers, which was a very strong argument in relations with the enemy ^[14] .

From the Russian sources of the end of the XVI century, it is clear that the Aukhites, led by Shih Okotsky, launched a broad military-political and diplomatic activity, covering, in fact, the entire Northeast Caucasus from Daryal to Derbent . It is quite obvious that in view of the impossibility of providing direct assistance from Russia, Shih Okotsky acted from 1578 to 1588. on their own, which once again shows his political weight in the province. Not forgetting to render service to Russia and taking an active part in the struggle of the North Caucasian peoples against the plans of Turkey, Iran and Crimea, at the same time, Shih Okotsky, it is believed, was seeking to strengthen his political influence in the region, which, as historical sources of that period show, often succeeded ^[14] .

Before the threat of Turkish conquest in 1582, the rulers and rulers of Iran, Georgia, Shirvan and Dagestan unite in a military alliance, which lasted until the mid-80s of the XVI century. One of the active participants in this union was Shih Okotsky. In his address to the Russian tsar, Shih informs about the struggle for Derbent and his role: “For you, the Iron Vorotech needed you to endure the EU and the sword for you.” In the same period, the Shikh troops, consisting of Aukhivtsi and Cossacks, blocked the main thoroughfare passing through the North Caucasus - from the Crimea and Azov to Derbent, which the Turkish sultan wrote to Moscow with irritation that “Russian Cossacks who live in Terek in carriages and swamps they are attacked ” ^[14] .

Since there were only Cossack military units on the Terek River that fought as part of Shih Okotsky's troops and under his direct leadership, it is clear that the message of the Sultan speaks of joint actions of Aukhovtsy and Cossacks ^[14] .

In 1583, Shih Okotsky’s detachments of Aukhs and Cossacks attacked the Turkish army, which moved from the city of Derbent to the Sea of ​​Azov and, although the forces were unequal and the attackers suffered losses, they were able to inflict considerable damage on the Turks, which significantly burned the steppe. hampered the movement of the enemy to the Sea of ​​Azov . At this time, the Crimean Khanate was unable to help, as in the Khanate itself, as noted SM. Solovyov , at that time, civil strife broke out, during which the Crimean "Khan Magmet-Giray was killed by his brother Islam-Giray ", and the princes, the sons of the killed Khan, had to flee, and Prince Murat "began to live in Astrakhan itself."

Under the influence of Turkey’s power, the role of Shamkhala is increasing, and the latter is proposing Turkey to build a city on the Terek. In fact, the only opposition to Shamkhala at that time in the entire North Caucasus was Shih Okotsky with his combined troops, which, as can be seen, strongly interfered with Russia's opponents to the Kabardian prince Aslanbek and the Kumyk shamkhala who hunted and tried to kill Shikh Okotsky. Russia took advantage of the fact that Turkey and Iran were weakened by the war, and the Crimea was not up to the Caucasus: formally taking advantage of the appeal of the Georgian Tsar Alexander asking for the resumption of the city of Tersk, Russia sent the governor M. Burtsev and Protasiev who set the new Terek city in 1588 - 1589 in the lower reaches of the Terek, on one of its tributaries of the Tyumen River ^[14] .

By the end of the 80s of the XVI century, the citizenship of Russia of the Aukhov owner Shikh Okotsky was registered. Fulfilling the order of his father Usharom, Shih Okoktsky, along with subordinate people, comes to the Terka city located on the Tyumen River ^[14] .

Of course, the Russian government knew about the actions of Shih Okotsky and his "wards" Cossacks before the construction of the new Tersk city and that is why, when the 1587 embassy to Georgia was headed by R. Birkin and P. Divov , ensuring safe passage from Terek to Georgia It was entrusted to Shikh and Kabardian prince Alkas; Tsar Alexander Kakhetian also sent his ambassadors to Shikh. Shih Okotsky leads the Russian avarice of the ruler of the Avar Hanswa with the “Black” prince into Russian citizenship. These and other events and actions of Shih Okotsky prove with all obviousness that before and after the construction of the city of Terek, the role of Shih Okotsky in North Caucasian affairs was most significant ^{[14] [22]} .

In October 1588, ambassadors from Shih Okotsky and Kabardian prince Alkas arrived in Moscow. Batay Shikhmurzin - the envoy of Shikhi Okotsky - together with the envoy of Alkas were accepted by the Russian tsar, etc. ^[14]

In a letter to the Russian tsar, Shih Okotsky reports that they took 7 cities, including Indri ^[23] :

Shih Okotsky writes the following about his past service to the king:

The Terek free chieftains and the Cossacks also reported about the service of Shikh Okotsky of Russia; Shikh himself enjoyed great confidence in the Terek governor A. I. Khvorostinin . A pre-revolutionary researcher, on the basis of documents, noted that simultaneously with the embassy of Shikh Okotsky and Kabardian prince Alkas , a petition of the Terek free atamans and Cossacks was delivered to Moscow, in which

"Formerly they served the sovereign on Terk and hunted every state affair together with Shih Murza Okotsky".

The Crimean prince Murat, who fled from the Crimea and lived in Astrakhan, was troubled about taking Shikh to Russian citizenship ^[14] .

The tsar was told in response that the king knew about the service of Shih Okotsky: “And for your service, toby, we want our great salary and keep toby, and your yurt, we want to keep you from all your enemies, in defense of you” ^{[24 ]} . Upon receiving the tsarist diploma, Shih Okotsky confirmed his oath of allegiance to Russia and brought his son Bataille Shikhmurzin to the city of Tersk with an amanat ^[14] .

In 1587, “Okotskoye possession,” that is, Okoh, is mentioned as the “new profitable” land of Russia - in the letter to the Austrian emperor: “And many states: ... the Shevkale prince ... and the Tyumen state, and Okottskaya earth / emphasized by us. - A. A. /, and Gorsky riches. all lands were attached to our state ... ". Two years later, after the same state, it was again announced about “new profitable” lands, including the “Okuttskie” princes. These facts, in our opinion, suggest that it is likely, and earlier than 1588, the appeal of the Chechen owners to the question of Russian citizenship or any allied or allied vassal relations ^[14] .

By the construction of the city of Tersk, the Cossacks again fell under the control of the Terek governors, and by 1590, at the confluence of Sunzha and Terek, the Russian state was building a fortress, which was called Sunzha ^[14] .

The 90s of the XVI century were marked by the desire of Russia to weaken the influence of Turkey in the North Caucasus, to transfer its influence to Shirvan and Transcaucasia. In 1591, the tsarist government organized a campaign against Shamkhalism, which was also repeatedly requested by the Georgian envoys on the pretext that the Shamkhala detachments were constantly robbing Georgia ^[14] .

The structure of the royal troops were to enter the North Caucasian military units. In 1591, the Russian embassy, ​​headed by V. Pleshcheyev and T. Kudrin, who were sent to Georgia, was entrusted to convey that “Alkas with Shih-Murza of their sovereign ambassadors sent to conduct it conveniently; while they themselves would go to Shevkal. ”

During the fighting in the winter of 1591, combined Russian-North Caucasian troops, according to Russian sources, defeated the forces of Shamkhal:

“Shevkala the prince fought and the city was taken from Ondreevsky from Shevkal and burned” ^[22] .

G. Zasekin did not have enough forces for further actions. In 1594, Russia again organized a campaign against Shamkhal, the purpose of which was to seize Tarkov and open the road to Transcaucasia . The Russian detachments that had seized Tarki, soon blocked by Shamkhal troops, were forced to flee and reach the "Koisu River, where Shamkhal ceased pursuit in view of the proximity of the Russian garrison, who was seated in prison with Prince Dolgoruky." Russian sources claimed that

"The governors of Shevkalsk's land fought and the town of Tarki and Tarkaly and Ondreev village and Saltananeyev took the place of Tyumen and burned and ravaged the cities of the sovereign voivode and the fortress ... on Kois, they set new ones" ^[14] .

After an unsuccessful campaign of the tsarist troops under the command of A. I. Khvorostinin, many owners of the North-Eastern Caucasus went over to the side of Shamkhal, whose influence in the North Caucasus increased. Apparently, one of the consequences of the defeat of the combined Russian-North Caucasian military detachments in 1594 was the tragic death of the Aukhov leader Sheikh Okoktsky. The embassy documentation of 1596 for the first time does not mention the name of Okocki leader Shikhi, and the reference point to the Chechen Okokh (“Okoktskaya earth”) disappears ^[14] .

The threat of Shihu from the hostile North Caucasian feudal lords arose not only because he had been an ally of Russia for a long time in the North Caucasus, but also because the influence of Shikh Okotsky in the province at that time was intensifying and could not but cause irritation and attempted assassination of him. After the campaign of 1594, it must be assumed that Shih Okoktsky did not change his attitude towards Russia and did not fall under the influence of Shamkhal — hence, he was a real threat ^[14] .

Significant in this regard is the question of the relationship between the Aukhs of Kumyk Shamkhalism and Prince Sultan Mahmud, who settled in Chir-Yurt. Of course, Shamkhal and his like-minded people saw in Shikh Okotsky and Aukhivtsi their main rivals on the way of establishing their leadership in the North-East Caucasus. The rivalry of local feudal lords for the expansion of spheres of influence in the North Caucasus, was no less acute in particular its eastern part, than the struggle of the great powers for the whole Caucasus. Here Shih Okotsky and Shamkhal came into direct confrontation ^[14] .

According to field data, Sultan-Mahmud, expelled from Shamkhalism, received the support of a part of the population of Old Okokha (Modern Leninaul and Kalininul) headed by Shikhi Okoktsky. After the settlement of Sultan Mahmud in Chir-Yurt and the allocation of land to him. along the right bank of Sulak , Shih Okotsky and his people participated in congresses of Kumyk feudal lords, helped Sultan Mahmud in negotiating with brothers and other Dagestani owners. After a certain period, having established itself in Chir-Yurt, Sultan-Mahmud repeatedly attempted to settle in Enderi (Indri) under the pretext of inviting him to villagers, but each time he was expelled by Aukhovs, since he had land on that side of Sulak and left for the left bank did not give ^[14] .

Until the beginning of the 17th century , there was practically no information in the sources about Prince Sultan-Mahmoud and Enderi, which may be explained by the insignificant role of the “chunks” in North Caucasian affairs. Up to the defeat of the tsarist troops in Daghestan in 1604, according to Gulustan-Iram, Sultan-Mahmud lived in Chir-Yurt and had nothing to do with Endery and only after that he moved there ^[14] .

Information about attempts at the end of the 16th century to transfer the Sultan-Mahmud residence to Enderi, collected among local residents, were also reflected in Russian sources. In an appeal in 1588, Shih informs about the time before the construction of Terkov on Tyumenka: “Indili is a city and with those 7 cities they have taken the EU”; the same name “Indili” is given in the embassy documentation of 1587–1588. We fully admit that the name “Indi-li” was originally borrowed by Russian representatives on the Terek from Aukhivans in the “Indri” form, and only after that the name “Ondreyevo” began to be applied. "Or" Andreev " ^[14] .

During the march of 1591, the combined Russian-North Caucasian troops "took the town of Shevkal from Ondreevsky and burned them"; the same was done in the campaign of 1594 . In both campaigns, as is well known, Shih Okotsky took part with his troops. The deviation from the main route (on Tarki) for the capture and burning of Ondreev was completely “merit” of Shih Okotsky: it was he who used the Russian troops, as before (on “Indili”), in the fight against the Kumyk princes and in particular, against Sultan -Makhmuda, trying to move to Enderi (Indri). After another defeat, the Kumyk princes had to return to Chir-Yurt and after waiting for the right moment to start the offensive again, this statement is fully consistent with the local field materials ^[14] .

A significant moment of the campaign of 1594 is the message of the source, which states that Prince Sultan-Mahmoud settled in Endery is not alone: ​​"in the Ondreyeva village Shevkalovy children Sultan-Magmut brother." The confrontation between the Aukhites led by Shikh and the Kumyk princes in the North-East Caucasus has repeatedly led to their clashes. It also happened after 1594: Shih Okotsky and Sultan-Mahmud with their brothers became irreconcilable enemies not only in the struggle for influence in the Northeast Caucasus, but also for the possession of Enderi. The struggle ended with the murder of Shikh Okotsky, and the murderers of the Aukhov leader were called “Prince Akhmatkan and Brother”, that is, the children of Shamkhal Chupan ^[14] .

In a letter from an Eastern merchant in 1596 it is reported: “But Hakami and Shykh Murza were killed ... and the road was crazy”; “I wanted to come on the road Aksuh; Sheikh Murza was killed ... Now I came to K (?) Wünsu. ”, that is, the roads in the lands of Okokh (interfluve) became unsafe for caravans. This record confirms that Aukhs controlled the interfluve of the Terek and Sulak ^[14] .

As a result of the murder of Shikh Okotsky, the part of the Aukhivtsi, which was closest to him, went to Turki; however, Sultan-Mahmud could not subordinate his authority to Aukhs, as he could not even settle in Enderi. Moreover, even in the first decades of the 17th century, Sultan-Mahmoud and his brothers remained without land and village: “But Sultan-Magmut and brother are bezurtless people, they have no tavern” ^[14] .

The international importance of the North Caucasus is increasing at the beginning of the 17th century . The struggle continues between major powers like Russia, Iran and Turkey for influence in the Caucasus, placing the main sea and land highways under their control. In Russian politics, these tasks remained essentially central to the Caucasus ^[14] .

From the beginning of the 17th century, the tsarist government began to prepare a new march on shamkala. In 1601, the Terek voivode sent "Tersky resident cherkas, Okotsky descendants of Yanaia, Akhin, Didey, Mostoparov" "from Turka to Iversky to Oleksandr the Tsar in Georgia", who, after finding out the political situation in Kakheti and transferring the royal letter with a proposal for a campaign, returned to Terek city ^[14] .

Under the threat of a new campaign against Shamkhal's, a number of Dagestan rulers and princes of Kabarda, researchers believe, arrived in Moscow for a reception: they were received and presented with gifts (among them were Sultan-Mahmud and Sunchaley Cherkassky). However, in the winter of 1604, the final decision was made to “fight Shamkhal”, which was also reported to the Georgian embassy in Moscow in April 1604 ^[14] .

In the spring of 1604, the tsarist army arrived in the North Caucasus, where they were joined by local archers and Cossacks, detachments of the Nogai Murzes, as well as serving Circassians and Terkoch led by Sunchalei Cherkassky and Batai Shikhmurzin. Major military actions against Shamkhal voivod I. M. Buturlin began in the autumn of 1604. In a short time, they set up several fortresses on the banks of the Sulak and Aktash rivers, seized the villages of Enderi, Teplye Vody and Tarki. Near Tarkov I.M. Buturlin began to build a fortress with the thought of wintering his troops. In total, three fortresses were built in Dagestan: the first was built “in the same place, near Tarkh, another in Andreeva village, and the third is unknown where. Garrisons were left in all these fortifications ” ^[14] .

However, the first successes of I. M. Buturlina were soon replaced by failures. There was growing discontent among the mountaineers that the invaders “captured people in the villages, took bread, drove the herds and herds” 6. After the death of Shamkhal Surkai, Tarkov Giray and Sultan-Mahmud headed the highlanders: “Sultan-But led 13,000 Circassians, who, supported by the Crimean Tatars and Girey-han-Shamkhal, the son of Chuban-Shamkhal, joined the Dagestani people and fighters, and fighters, and Napali. " ^[14] .

Voevoda I. M. Buturlin was in ambush, without the help of Russia. The detachments melted away from diseases, and the forces of the highlanders increased. Soon the royal troops were driven out of the fortresses on Aktashe and Sulak; I. Buturlin found himself in a deep environment and went to negotiations, during which it was agreed that the royal detachments would be given the opportunity to "freely retreat, go after Koisu / Sulak /" 1. “But when the Circassians,” noted in Gulustan-Irama, “contrary to their word, wanted to take them prisoner, the Russians began to defend themselves stubbornly and all died” ^[14] .

The defeat had grave consequences for the Russian presence in the North Caucasus: the city ​​of Tersk was closed, and the inhabitants were in fear of the attack of the highlanders; The Sunzhensky jail was also burned. The failure of the tsarist troops coincided with the death of Boris Godunov and the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia, which led to a weakening of ties with the Caucasus and the Terek residents (Cossacks and city residents), although the city of Terek and the Russian population were consistently provided with highlanders products, as was said above ^[14] .

As it is known, his son Bataille Shikhmurzin played an important role in the Okhotsk land and in the Terek city after the death of Shih Okotsky. In the summer of 1605, Bataille, together with Prince Kunchardin of Sunchalei Cherkassky, attended a reception at the False Dmitry I, from which both of them with their knots, affectionately accepted and gifted, were released in March 1606 ^[14] .

In the middle of 1606, the henchman of Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne to the Russian throne. Some researchers indicate that Sunchaley and Bataille went to Moscow again, but returned disgruntled, as they received a “small” reward; as a result, the Cossacks and the “mountain service people” of Terkov refused to recognize Shuisky as a king. Attempts by Shuisky himself to establish contacts with the North Caucasus and the Turks were unsuccessful, as the I.Ro-Modanovsky embassy in Iran did not reach: the message referred to the citizenship of Kakheti, Cherkasy and Ocock people with evidence of the arrival in Moscow with the congratulations of Bataille and Sunchalei. The connection of the center with the city of Tersk was, in fact, limited to this ^[14] .

The position of Batai Shikhmurzin in the city of Terek and Okoha itself (Okotskoy land) is not entirely clear. During the life of Sheikh, he was a conductor of the ideas of his uncle and was closely associated with the Turks; Apparently, it was not by chance that after the death of Shikhi Okotsky, his successor, Bataille, ended up in the city of Tersk: it appears that he was not recognized by the Aukhovs and was forced to go to Turki. Russian sources of those times show that only after the embassy of 1605, he gained de facto power in the city of Terek itself. But even then, as can be seen, the position of Batai Shikhmurzin in the city was fragile, the result of which was his flight from Turkov in 1609 . The “Sunchaleev's Uzden and the Okotskie people” went to capture Batail along with the Terek centurion L. Vysheslavtsev. Sunchaley was Batai’s main rival among the contenders for supremacy over the Aukhs and Cherkasy residents of the Terek city, and it’s not by chance that soon after the flight, Bataille turned from one of Russia's faithful allies into a “sovereign traitor” ^[14] .

Apparently, after the flight from the city of Terek, Batai was not accepted by the majority of his fellow tribesmen in Okoha, which is why he immediately found himself in the camp of the ardent opponent of Russia - Sultan Mahmud. After the death of Shamkhal Surkai, the struggle for the throne flared up with a new force. A part of the Dagestan feudal lords, hoping for military support, took the citizenship of Russia in 1610, however, among them was not the Tarkov Andyi and Sultan-Magmut. The appeal of the Dagestan feudal lords to the aid of Russia against Andiya and Sultan-Mahmud was in the hands of the Terek voivods, since at that time the main goal for them was “to disagree between them and from them to the parish of the sovereign Terek city” ^[14] .

In 1610, the units of Girey-Prince of Tarakov and Terek commanders attacked the dwellings of Sultan Mahmud: they seized cattle and “destroyed Ondreev’s village”. And from the Ondreev villages they drove him out. And that Sultan-Magmut with his brother and with your sovereign traitor to Botam murza. from that ruin he began to live in the mountains in Okotsky taverns ” ^[14] .

New campaign "on the petition" Giray was made in the years 1611-1612. on the "Okotsky evo taverns". Sent troops "at Sultan-Magmut Murza Okotskie his taverns fought and burned everything; they fought with Sultan-Magmut and with his bounty and with Okotskim people and used his cabs ”; defeated Sultan-Mahmud together with his brother Nutsal-murza gave "shert according to his Muslim faith" ^[14] .

A significant role in the preservation and restoration of good-neighborly relations between Russia and the peoples of the North Caucasus was played during this period by Terek Aukh-Okochane and Sunchaley Cherkasy. By a special charter of March 21, 1615, the tsarist government created a special vassal "Cherkasy principality" in Turki, headed by Sunchalei, and subordinated to him Circassians and serving Terek okochan. At the same time, the king and his administration did not pay any attention to the petition of the people of Oktotsk, asking them to save them from the “guardianship” of Sunchaley, who was trying to turn them into serfs; the answer was quite expected: “they were ordered by Süünchalei vedati to the service, and Syunchalei would be how to fix them and they would beat him to the sovereign” ^[14] .

At the same time, the events that took place in the North-East Caucasus in the winter of 1614 - 1615 . forced the tsarist government to take a direct military part in the feuds of Dagestan feudal lords fighting for Shamkhalism ^[14] .

At the end of 1614 - the beginning of February 1615, “Saltan-Magmut and brother”, as Tarkov Shamkhal complained to the Terek governors, “sat down with their taverns near their Kumyk land in Okotki kabaks and took away the Michkizskaya and Kabarda roads from them” and started the war with Auhovs and Avars; therefore, Tarkov Shamkhal and the owners asked the Terek governors "to go to the Okotsk taverns to ruin them and cleanse their Kumyk land" ^[14] .

In February 1615 a battle took place. Voevod P. Golovin reported that his troops / 400 men and guns / "fought with Saltan-Magmutovs and Michchaz and fought against Okottsk people" and "in that battle Saltan-Magmutovs and Turlova, the prince of Michchas people, were beaten to death by 140 people, and others rescued and the living caught "6. It is noteworthy that this time the “Ondreev village” is not mentioned: probably, after the expulsion in 1610–1612. Sultan Mahmud no longer lived there ^[14] .

The regular adoption of Sultan-Mahmud into Russian citizenship was delayed, as the Dagestan feudal lords opposed reconciliation; moreover, the tsarist government remembered that in the “past years, Sultan-Magmutovo. The petition was and gave the wool and not one; and he de only lied: there is nothing to disgrace de Salt-Magmut. " In December 1616, the Boyar Duma nevertheless decided to accept Sultan-Magmut into Russian citizenship, but without accepting Amanat, until he “showed” his devotion ^[14] .

After the death of Shikh Okotsky within the Aukh society there was a split in relation to Tsarist Russia. If part of the Okokha population, probably Hachalkoevtsy, was still committed to Russia and residents of Turki still arrived from this society, then most of the Chechen society of Aukhovtsy-Pharchkhoevs, headed from the end of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century. Maadi stood, at first in some cases, and then increasingly began to support the opponents of Russia (including Sultan-Mahmud). This partly explains the fact that Batay Shikhmurzin was not accepted by his fellow tribesmen and went to the city of Tersk, and after fleeing from Terkov he joined Sultan-Mahmud ^[14] .

The loss of the leaders - Shiha and Batai - and with them the reliance of Russia on Okokh , led to the fact that the Terek voivods no longer have the former confidence in the ocochans and transfer them to the subordination of Sunchalei Cherkassky . Starting from 1610, Russian sources state that in case of danger Sultan-Mahmud runs precisely to the piedmont Aukhovtsy: "from that (1610 - A. A.) he began to live in the mountains in Okotsky taverns" Sultan-Mahmud and Batay Shikhmurzin ^[14] .

The Union of Sultan-Magmut and Aukhivians represented, apparently, a great force, which is confirmed by the fact that never the Dagestan feudal lords independently, without the help of the Terek military units, did not cross Sulak and did not act against them (Aukhivtsi and Sultan-Magmut) ^{[14 ]} .

Changes in the attitude of Terek voivods to Aukhivs can be seen already in reports of campaigns against Sultan-Mahmud. Supporting the Dagestan feudal lords, the tsarist government sent troops "to the Okotskie taverns," which the Terek detachments, together with the Kumyk princes, "fought and burned all; with Okotskim people fought. " During 1614 - 1615 Tsarist troops continue to attack, rob and destroy the villages of the Aukhivtsi, located in the Okokha foothill areas, which naturally could not but affect the socio-economic and political situation in Okokha (Aukh) ^[14] .

However, it is undoubtedly possible to assert that the Aukhyans, being at some time in military alliance with Prince Sultan-Mahmud, fought not for the growth of his power, but for the preservation of their independence. All this will vividly manifest itself later, when Sultan-Mahmud, having finally established himself in Enderi, will make an attempt to subordinate to his power the Chechen society Aukhivtsy-Pharchkhoevtsy who lived in Old Okoh (modern Leninaul and Kalininul) ^[14] .

The murder of Shikhi Okotsky and the flight of his successor, Bataille, showed that intense struggle was taking place inside Okokha, which created instability in the entire Terek-Sulak interfluve. This is where the policy of Russia came from, which now tried to subordinate local societies to more reliable feudal circles of Kabarda and Dagestan. If in the city of Tersk they managed to do it relatively peacefully and quickly, “entrusting” the mountain people to Sunchaley, then in relation to the Aukhs living in Okoha, especially the Chechen settlements in the piedmont, they had to use military force, however these actions did not bring significant success for Tsarist Russia ^{[ 14]} .

Shikh Okotsky died in 1595 in a clash with the Kumyk prince Akhmat Khan, who tried to take Shikhi’s place and establish himself as the ruler of Aukh ^{[25] [26]} . According to Chechen oral tradition, Shih was buried in a cemetery called Shih-Keshnash (“ Shikh Cemetery ”), which later got its name from his name Shikh, a cemetery located on the eastern outskirts of the village of Shircha-Aukh (modern Kalininul ).

Comments

Sources

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