Neyborhud [1] ( British English. Neighborhood , Amer. English . Neighborhood , dosl. Neighborhood ) - geographically localized community within the city. Neyborhud characteristic of western cities and is a close analogue of the Soviet concept of " neighborhood " [1] . As a rule, the inhabitants of neubrahud are well socialized, familiar with each other [2] .
Pre-Industrial Period
According to the historian Lewis Mumford , neurohood is a natural association of several families living nearby, and the urban community, left to its own devices, naturally distributes various functions between neyborhuds [3] . Archaeologists confirm the presence of neurobuds in the excavations of most ancient cities [4] [5] . Historical documents testify to the neubrahuds that took place in various cities of the pre-industrial era, including non-Western civilizations [6] [7] [8] .
Neighborhood usually arises as a result of the social interaction of people living next to each other. In this case, we can talk about social education that exceeds the size of the household and does not directly report to municipal or state authorities. In some traditional communities, neyborhuds became an informal municipal authority in charge of security, marriage, cleaning, and maintenance. One of the typical examples are Islamic cities [9] .
In addition to social significance, neubrahuds in many historical cities were considered as administrative units that were used for taxation, population accounting and management [10] [11] . The administrative district of a city , as a rule, is larger than neubrohud in size, while official borders can pass through neuborhood. However, in some cases, administrative division takes place according to neubrahud, which allows the authorities to better manage such a unit. For example, the capital of the ancient Chinese empire of Tang - Xi'an - was divided into areas along the borders of neyborhud, each of which was controlled by government officials [12] .
In the pre-industrial era, neurobuds often had a certain specialization. An important role was played by ethnic neubrahud, which has been preserved in modern cities. Artisans, traders, and representatives of other professions could unite in neubrahud, and in multiconfessional societies, religion could become the basis for their creation. Another factor that determined the differences between neurobuds in historical cities was the migration of the population from the village to the city. This process was extended over time, and migrants often moved to the city with relatives and friends [13] [14] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Kosenkova, 2009 .
- ↑ Schuck, Amie; Rosenbuam, Dennis. Promoting Safe and Healthy Neighborhoods: What Research Tells Us about Intervention. - The Aspen Institute, 2006.
- ↑ Mumford, Lewis. The Neighborhood and the Neighborhood Unit // Town Planning Review 24: 256–270. - 1954.- P. 258.
- ↑ Spence, Michael W. Tlailotlacan, a Zapotec Enclave in Teotihuacan. In Art, Ideology, and the City of Teotihuacan / Edited by Janet C. Berlo. - Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1992. - P. 59–88.
- ↑ Stone, Elizabeth C. Nippur Neighborhoods. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization vol. 44. - Chicago: Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1987.
- ↑ Heng, Chye Kiang. Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes. - Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999.
- ↑ Marcus, Abraham. The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century. - New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
- ↑ Smail, Daniel Lord. Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille. - Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.
- ↑ Abu-Lughod, Janet L. The Islamic City: Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance // International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 19: 155–176. - 1987.
- ↑ Dickinson, Robert E. The West European City: A Geographical Interpretation. - London: Routledge & Paul, 1961 .-- P. 529.
- ↑ Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. - New York: Random House, 1961 .-- P. 117.
- ↑ Xiong, Victor Cunrui. Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China. - Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 2000.
- ↑ Kemper, Robert V. Migration and Adaptation: Tzintzuntzan Peasants in Mexico City. - Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1977.
- ↑ Greenshields, TH "Quarters" and Ethnicity. In The Changing Middle Eastern City / Edited by GH Blake and RI Lawless. - London: Croom Helm, 1980. - P. 120-140.
Literature
- Kosenkova, Julia Leonidovna. Soviet city of the 1940s and the first half of the 1950s: from creative searches to the practice of construction. - M .: Librocom, 2009 .-- 440 p. - ISBN 978-5-397-00118-2 .