Kryukov, Alexander Nikolaevich

In 1901 he graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University . Since 1902, he worked in various Moscow hospitals: Bakhrushinskaya , Sokolnicheskaya, Staro-Ekaterininskaya . Since 1906 he worked as a prosector under the direction of M.N. Nikiforov , dealing with problems of experimental hematology. In 1909 he defended his doctoral dissertation "On the origin and relationship of leukocytes and leukocytosis."

Since 1914 - privat-docent of Moscow University ; since 1918 - professor.

In 1919 he took part in the organization of the medical faculty of the Turkestan (since 1924 Central Asian ) university, where from 1920 he was a professor and headed the faculty of therapeutic clinics, and in 1927-1930 also the tropical diseases clinic.

During 1931-1952, he led the emergency care clinic at the Moscow Research Institute of Emergency Medicine. N.V. Sklifosovsky .

In 1934-1952 - Professor, Head of the Department of Emergency Therapy of the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Studies . In 1943-1948 - professor, head of the department of hospital therapy at the Moscow Medical Institute of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. During the Great Patriotic War he was the chief therapist of the evacuation hospitals of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR.

Alexander Nikolaevich Kryukov is one of the leading domestic therapists of the 20-40s of the XX century. One of the founders of clinical hematology and emergency therapy, the creator of a scientific school.

Kryukov played an important role in the development of scientific medicine in Uzbekistan, laid the foundations for the study of regional tropical pathology in Central Asia.

The theme of the doctoral dissertation of A. N. Kryukov "On the origin and relationship of leukocytes and leukocytosis." Kryukov devoted 7 years to this work. Using staining according to the Romanovsky principle, he found that the formation of white blood cells occurs in the bone marrow, which means that blood diseases, including malignant ones, are primarily caused by damage to the bone marrow.

Kryukov, adhering to the ideas of A. A. Maksimov about the unitary theory of hematopoiesis, proposed the so-called. a moderately unitary theory of hematopoiesis, according to which all blood cells develop from tissue reticular cells through the stage of hemogistoblast and hemocytoblast. The moderately unitary theory of hematopoiesis is currently generally accepted. In the 1930-1950s, taking into account new data, I. A. Kassirsky and G. A. Alekseev compiled a detailed version of the hematopoiesis scheme in which the principles of unitary theory are developed.

An important contribution to the theory of hematology and clinical and laboratory practice was made by the work of A. N. Kryukov on the morphology of blood cells and blood-forming organs. In the book “Atlas of Blood” (1946), drawn up by his own artistic sketches, he showed in evolutionary terms all the cellular forms of blood and bone marrow in the norm and in the pathology of hematopoiesis. The importance of the “Atlas of blood” by A. N. Kryukov for the development of modern hematology was written by academician A. I. Vorobyov in his memoirs “On Friends and Teachers”:

Kryukov headed the Department of Therapy in Tashkent, and then the Department of Emergency Therapy at TsIU, at the Sklifosovsky Institute. He had no hematological departments, he did not have hematological patients, he did not treat them. But he created an atlas. This atlas is like the "Capital" of Marx. We all pushed off of him and went. There would be no atlas, we would not be there. Much, maybe we are correcting, it doesn’t matter. It is important that this Bible was made by Kryukov. The real hematological school began with the work of several people, and today - the country's huge hematological service, it grew out of this school. And the underlying underlying process of understanding pathology that was inherent in the Kryukov school and, of course, the Kassirsky school is morphology.

- Academician A.I. Vorobyov “On Friends and Teachers” ^[1]

For the first time in the USSR, he diagnosed and studied spru. For the first time in the world, on the basis of an intravital study of bone marrow, he discovered megaloblastic hematopoiesis with sprue anemia, established a connection between its development and impaired intestinal absorption; showed practical curability of megaloblastic sprue anemia by prescribing a carbohydrate anti-fermentation diet, which leads to the restoration of normal intestinal absorption of vitamins necessary for blood formation. "In the USSR, tropical Spru was first described by A. N. Kryukov in 1922, and in 1927 he gave a detailed description of anemia in this disease." ^[2]

He proved the presence of brucellosis in the USSR.

He described a hepatobiliary symptom with fascioliasis (the phenomenon of cyclic swelling of the liver - a symptom of Kryukov) ^[3]

He made a significant contribution to the study of the clinical picture of dysbiosis, amebiosis, ulcerative colitis, tropical malaria, and visceral leishmaniasis.

He proposed a combined, including surgical intervention, treatment of mercuric poisoning.

For the first time in the USSR, he used cortisone in the treatment of acute leukemia and (simultaneously with XX Vlados) transfusion of red blood cells in diseases of internal organs.

He studied the problem of hemorrhagic diathesis. I found that with Schonlein -Genoch disease ( hemorrhagic vasculitis, not only capillaries, but also larger vessels (arterioles) change; he described the nature of histological changes and explained the origin of this disease.

Under the direction of A.N. Kryukov, the issues of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of internal organs requiring urgent medical care were developed. He is the author of fundamental emergency care guidelines at the Internal Medicine Clinic. The last work - "Clinical symptomatology of acute internal conditions" (1952) - contains a kind of review on the most complex issues of urgent diagnosis. It covers all sections of the clinic of internal diseases, including casuistry.

He was widely known as a brilliant clinician (diagnostician and attending physician). In pedagogical work, he paid special attention to teaching the patient examination methodology, the analysis of clinical material; recommended the use, along with modern, well-proven "simple" treatment methods.

Among the students of A. N. Kryukov include I. A. Kassirsky , A. I. Vorobyov , G. A. Alekseev, M. G. Abramov, 3. I. Umidova, S.G. Moiseev and others.

“Having been demobilized from the Budyon army, Kassirsky came to enter the residency at the newly opened Turkestan University. Kryukov could not stand the Bolshevik nominees, he had the usual trick - write a biography. Comrade sits down and writes a biography. Kryukov habitually took out a red pencil, corrected errors, returned a sheet, on one page there were 20 errors, what could be a residency. And here Kryukov looks - there are no errors. He begins to ask questions - where he studied, from whom. - He studied in Tomsk with Kurlov. He asks what heart disease is. Answers. He asks for more, more. As a result, he took up residency. So Kassirsky became first a resident, then an assistant to Kryukov and a leading specialist in the department .. "

- Academician A.I. Vorobyov “On Friends and Teachers” ^[1]

He was fond of sports. He was engaged in figure skating and mountaineering. He climbed the peaks of Central Asia and the North Caucasus.

He was chairman of the hematology section of the Moscow Scientific Society of Therapists, a member of the editorial board of the journal "Clinical Medicine". He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor and medals.

He was buried in Moscow, at the Vvedensky cemetery , plot number 2.

• Op .: "On the origin and relationship of leukocytes and leukocytosis" Dis. doctor of medicine. - M., 1909;
• Morphology of blood.-M., 1920.- Part. 1-3;
• Anemia in sprue // Honey. Thought of Uzbekistan.-1927.-No 1.-S. 28-36;
• The most important clinical syndromes and their assessment. - M., 1944;
• Atlas of blood.-M., 1946;
• Clinical symptomatology of acute internal diseases. - M., 1952. Bibliography:
• A.N. Kryukov // Klin, honey .- 1953.- T. 31, No. 4.- P. 93-94;

• KRYUKOV Alexander Nikolaevich // Big Medical Encyclopedia (BME), edited by Petrovsky B.V., 3rd edition. - T. 12.
• Volkov V.A., Kulikova M.V. Moscow professors of the 18th - early 20th centuries. Natural and technical sciences. - M .: Janus-K; Moscow textbooks and cartolithography, 2003. - S. 131-132. - 294 p. - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 5-8037-0164-5.
• Imperial Moscow University: 1755-1917: Encyclopedic Dictionary / A. Yu. Andreev, D. A. Tsygankov. - M .: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2010 .-- S. 366. - 894 p. - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-8243-1429-8 .

• Kassirsky I.A. Professor Alexander Nikolaevich Kryukov. To the 35th anniversary of medical and scientific activity // Klin, honey. - 1937. - T. 15, No. 2. - S. 317-318;
• Kassirsky I.A. Problems and scientists. - M., 1949. - S. 147-154;
• Moiseev S.G., Alexander Nikolaevich Kryukov // Transactions of the scientific. session dedicated. in memory of A. N. Kryukov. - M., 1964. - S. 10-13;
• Kassirsky I. A. Discoveries and research of A. N. Kryukov in the field of diseases of hot countries and modern achievements of tropical medicine // Transactions of the scientific. session dedicated. in memory of A. N. Kryukov. - M., 1964. - S. 233—239;
• Moiseev S.G. Alexander Nikolaevich Kryukov // Ter. arch. - 1974. - T. 46, No. 12. - S. 131-133;
• Abramov M.G. Alexander Nikolaevich Kryukov (On the occasion of the 100th birthday) // Ter. arch. - 1978. - No. 7. - S. 149-153;
• Alekseev G.A. Alexander Nikolayevich Kryukov and his role in the creation of the domestic hematological school (On the occasion of the 100th birthday) // Klin, honey. - 1978. - No. II. - S. 143-145;
• Alekseev G.A. Aleksandr Nikolaevich Kryukov and his role in the formation and development of domestic hematology (on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of birth) // Probl. hematol. - 1978. - T. 23, No. 11. - S. 3-6.

• Vorobyov A.I. About friends and teachers (neopr.) . Date of treatment February 7, 2018.
• Kryukov Alexander Nikolaevich (neopr.) . Chronicle of Moscow University . Date of appeal September 20, 2017.
• Alexander Nikolaevich Kryukov