Particle (part of speech)

In the class of particles constant official (non-significant) words are combined, which:

• Express the most diverse subjective-modal characteristics: incentive, subjunctive, conventionality, desirability, as well as evaluating the message or its individual parts;
• participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (interrogation), as well as in the expression of approval or denial;
• characterize the action or condition of its course in time, in completeness or incompleteness, in the effectiveness or inability of its implementation.

The listed particle functions are grouped:

• in the shaping function
• in the function of the diverse communicative characteristics of the message.

Common to all these functions is that in all cases they are present

• relationship value
• the relationship (relevance) of the action, condition or the whole message to reality,
• the speaker’s relationship to the reported

moreover, both of these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

A characteristic feature of many particles is that in their structure and functions they come close to adverbs, unions or interjections and cannot always be strictly opposed to them; in many cases, particles come closer to introductory words as well.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is that relation, which is expressed by it in a sentence.

In accordance with the above functions, the following main discharges of particles are distinguished:

1. formative (subjunctive) particles (let, let, let, yes, come on, would, b, happened):
   • formative forms of words ;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs ;
2. negative particles (no, no, not at all, far from, not at all, no way);
3. particles characterizing the sign (action or condition) by its course in time, in completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or non-effectiveness of the implementation;
4. modal particles :
   • interrogative particles (whether, really, really);
   • pointing particles (behold);
   • refinement particles (namely, exactly, directly, exactly);
   • excretory and restrictive particles (only, only, exclusively, almost, only);
   • exclamation particles (what the how);
   • amplifying particles (even, not, after all, after all, after all, everything);
   • mitigation of demand -a ( give-ka, pour-ka) -to (milk escaped) ; also for these purposes, the word -s (extra charge-s) is used , derived from the abbreviated treatment " sir ";
   • doubt (hardly, hardly);
   • motive particles (let, let, come on (those)).

It is significant at the same time that modal (evaluative, expressive) values ​​in one form or another are also present in negative, interrogative particles, characterizing the action of its course or effectiveness in replica particles.

Antiderivatives

Primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles that in the modern language do not have living word-formation bonds and formal relationships with words of other classes.

These are particles: I mean (simple), you know (simple), yes (as a part of the form dictates. Incline), de ( un .), Say ( un .), But , in (simple), you ( decomp.), -ka , (decomp.), I suppose (simple), no , really , really (simple), no , well , this (simple), those (simple), something , tea (simple.).

Non-primitive

All other particles are not primitive.

Simple

Simple are particles made up of one word. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, find living connections with conjunctions, pronouns, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: a , good, more, more, literally, it happens, it used to be, as if, after all, in (simple), it’s all over, there’s, like, everything, wherever, look , yes (not in the form of a command. incline), come on (those), even, give (those), really, only if, moreover, know, and, or, exactly, how, which, where, okay, whether , it’s better, nothing (simple., asks.), nothing, nothing, but, nevertheless, finally, it, go (simple.), positively, simply, directly, let it, let it, decisively, exactly, to myself, rather, like, perfectly, thank you (meaning good), t for, there, you, too, just as if, at least, what, pure (simple.), that, that, that, ek is.

As already mentioned, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meanings to different degrees

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple.), all, out, here, where, really, only, yet, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, perfectly, quite so well there))
• pronominal words (everything, everything, what, it, itself, yourself, you, what, this),
• verbs (it happens, it happened, it was, come on (those), give (those), see (those), know
• unions (well, it’s good, because, after all, yes, even if, if, and, or, or, but, however, let it, let it, exactly, as if, too, only, precisely, at least, that, so, to)
• comparatives (more, more, better, more likely: More likely to die than agree; Rather, have a vacation!),
• prepositions (like: Someone seems to be calling?),
• interjections (ek, thank you: They are so hot! You won’t find a place. Thanks a little nipple in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the closeness and interweaving of the meanings of a particle and a union, a particle and an adverb, a particle and a verb, a particle and a pronoun, a particle and an interjection are so close that juxtaposing such meanings as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be unlawful, and the word should qualify as “particle-union”, “particle-adverb”, “particle-pronoun”, etc .;

Compound

Particles formed from two (less often - more) words:

• two particles
• particles and union,
• particles and prepositions,
• particles and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Composite particles can be undivided - their components in a sentence cannot be separated in other words, or disintegrated: their components in a sentence can be separated in other words. Within the composite particles, phraseological units are distinguished: these are several service words (or service words and isolated from their classes of dialects, pronoun forms or verbs) merged together, living relations between which are absent in the modern language; such particles can also be disintegrated or non-disintegrated.

Dismembered

Their components in a sentence can be separated in other words. Disintegrated particles:

That would be (That would be a rain!; That would be a rain!);

here it is (Here’s a friend for you !; here’s the result for you !; did you believe him? Here, then, believe people!);

like this (Here’s the order !; This is the order !; Here we have the garden so the garden !; Here’s the way I’ve made the way I’ve done so!);

almost (almost missed; nearly broke his head);

almost (He hardly lied for the first time in his life);

how not (How not to understand!; How can I not know the way!);

no matter how (no matter how it rains);

if only (If only there wouldn’t be rain!);

little is not (simple.) (He began to ring the bell, he didn’t cut it short. Dost .; From fear, he didn’t fall to the ground a little. Lesk.);

let (Let yourself sing!);

sooner (Rather, spring!; Spring would sooner!);

and so (and still breathes peace; so he did not recognize me);

only (Only not to be late!) only and (Only to talk, what about the trip; Only about the trip and talk);

at least (At least I wouldn’t grumble!);

almost (was) not (almost broke his leg);

almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles always disintegrate

isn’t (Should not we rest?)

not the same (Do not sleep here!).

Phraseological particles:

no, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he will come to visit; No, no, grandfather, and remember);

what kind of (What kind of news ?; What kind of character!);

what of (of what) (What to me of his promises !; what now of the fact that he returned?).

From composite particles, one should distinguish between diverse, easily arising and easily decaying complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily for modal particles; eg:

so - and so, well, so, and so ... well;

how - yes how, well, how, how, yes how, well how;

like - like, like, like, like, like, like;

Indivisible

their components in a sentence cannot be separated in other words.

and then (- Aren't you afraid? - And I'm afraid !; Let me go to sleep? - And then suddenly they won't let me go);

without it (he’s a silent person, but he completely shut himself up. Polev .; Once we wait, we’ll be late already);

it would be b (simple.) (It wouldn’t be for me to stay, but to go home!);

hardly;

only (Time is just an hour);

yet;

looking and (expanding) (Waiting, waiting, looking and fell asleep);

far from (far from confident in success; far from beautiful);

Divi would (simple.) (Divi would know the matter, otherwise the ignoramus!);

to what (How good the forest is! How tired you are!);

good would be;

if (If not for the war!);

still (They don’t touch you. - You would have touched !; Good catch! - I would not be good!);

and there is (simple.) (- I didn’t recognize it, is it obvious? - I didn’t recognize it and it is. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - There is a pica. Fad.);

and so (Do not be angry, I already repent; Why does he need money, he has a lot, and so);

and then (They don’t even let me go to the rink; I saw for a long time, and then briefly; Talk to him. - And I’ll talk);

as it is (simple.) (Everything as you have correctly said. Bazhov; - Frozen? - How is it frozen);

how so;

just in time (I arrived just in time; I'm afraid of service: just under the responsibility you will fall. Turg.);

how so (- Goodbye. - How so goodbye?);

somehow;

where how (How much fun!);

okay;

on what (What a cunning, but that was wrong);

no way;

unlikely;

not at all (not at all a beauty);

simply (he simply laughs at us);

so (didn’t come?);

so (- I have the whole tobacco. - Is that all?);

or not (or not life!);

so-and-so (So-and-so glad!; So-and-so, I look, he is quiet);

there too (There, from the mocking ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom; Boy, but he argues there);

and so (they did it themselves. - Oh, and yourself ?; This is a disease. - Oh and a disease!);

to grab and (While they were gathering, grab and it started to rain);

well (- Let's go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well);

or something (Call, or what?; Help or something !; Are you deaf?);

Phraseological particles (phraseological particles)

- merged together a few service words (or service words and isolated from their classes of dialects, pronoun forms or verbs), living relationships between which in the modern language are absent; such particles can also be disintegrated or non-disintegrated.

then

- Not otherwise than - (Not otherwise than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening)

not to - not to - (What kind of fur coat they rotted! No to think: is there a barin's fur coat somewhere? Necr.);

either business (Ivan Ilyich foolishly ordered; whether business with you. L. Tolstoy);

that - that and - look (that and look will die; that look will be forgotten),

that - that and wait - (simple.) (The stove that and wait will tumble down. P. Bazhov);

that - that and look - (that and look that) (After all, there are too many lynxes; that and that will break his neck! N. Gogol);

exactly the same;

whatever is - what is (simple.) (This is his favorite song).

1. Would (b), same (g), whether (s) , as if, they say are written separately

2. If particles , however, would be part of whole words, then they are written together: is it possible (particle), later (adverb), also (union), even (particle, union), so that (particle, union)

3. Particle -ka, -tka, -to, -de, -s are written with a hyphen

4. A particle is written separately with pronouns if it is separated from it by prepositions: some from someone, about something, some about whom ;

5. A particle is written through a hyphen only after verbs (it did, it is found out, it still does ) and in the adverbs it is, again, quite the same . In other cases, the particle is still written separately. ^[one]

• Word formation of service parts of speech
• Particles in Wiktionary

• Shvedova N. Yu. Particles // Russian Grammar T. 1. / USSR Academy of Sciences . Institute of the Russian language . Ed. Acad. V.V. Vinogradova , Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences E. S. Istrina and Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences S. G. Barkhudarov
• Nikolaeva T.N. , Toporov V.N. Particle functions in a statement: on the material of Slavic languages . - M .: Nauka , 1985 .-- 176 p.
• Shimchuk E.G. , Schur M.G. Dictionary of Russian particles / Wolfgang Gladrow. - Berlin: Peter Lang , 1999 .-- 146 p. - ISBN 3631350848 . - ISBN 9783631350843 .
• Starodumova E. A. Particles of the Russian language: a multidimensional description . - Publishing House of the Far Eastern University , 2002. - 290 p. - ISBN 5744411305 . - ISBN 9785744411305 .