Adverb

Adverbs are immutable words: they do not bow and do not conjugate, have no endings, do not change by gender and number. And only qualitative adverbs formed from adjectives have degrees of comparison and forms of subjective assessment: quietly, quietly, quietly, quietly, quietly, quietly . ^[one]

In a sentence, a function of circumstance, as well as (less commonly) of a definition or predicate, is performed. ^[one]

• Circumstances:
  • mode of action - denotes a mode of action ( in spring, so ), answer the questions: How ?, How?
  • measures and degrees - denotes the measure and degree of something ( slightly, slightly, twice, thrice ), answer the questions: How much? In what time? How much In what degree?
  • time - indicate the time of the action ( yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening, night, spring, now, later, later, always );
  • places - indicate the place of the action ( far, near, far, close, here, there, right, left, back, far away, towards, from the side, about );
  • reasons - indicate the reason for the action ( rash, foolish, drunk, involuntarily, not without reason );
  • goals - indicate the purpose of the action ( on purpose, on purpose, in spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally, unintentionally, accidentally ).
• Definitive:
  • qualitative - express a characteristic or assessment of an action or a sign (naturally !, cold, brutal, sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right );
  • quantitative - determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or sign (a lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, twice, thrice, two, three, six, very, very, absolutely, absolutely );
  • the method and mode of action - indicate the method of performing the action (by running, gallop, step, swim, shuffle, idle, back, for sure );
  • comparisons and assimilation - ( in a woman’s way, in a bearish way, in the old way, in our opinion, in a friendly way, as before, nose with crochet, sticking up, squiggly, on end, hedgehog, pillar );
  • aggregates - ( together, three, popularly, together ).

Qualitative adverbs formed from quality adjectives have degrees of comparison :

• comparative degree is expressed:
  • syntactically: using the suffixes -s ( s ), -she , -s , -s ( more interesting , longer , stronger , louder ). Some dialects form a comparative degree in an adroit manner, that is, changing the basis: good - better , many - more , small - less, deep - deeper ;
  • analytically: with the help of an auxiliary word, more in combination with the original form of the adverb: more strongly , more vilely , more vilely , etc.
• superlatives expressed:
  • synthetically ( Greek σοφὸς - σοφοτατα ): wisely - wiser than all ; with the suffixes -eyes- , -ish- : I humbly ask , I bow low . Very rarely used in modern Russian;
  • analytically: by combining the word most with the original form of the dialect: most disgusting , most scary , most poor , etc. It has a book tint and is used mostly in the scientific style of speech and journalism;
  • complex form: a combination of the words of all , all with a synthetic form of a comparative degree: best of all .

There are significant adverbs if they call a sign, but do not indicate it: yesterday , like a wolf .

1. Comparative degree

a) A simple form is formed using the suffixes -e , -e , -e , -che , -se : fun - more fun .

b) A complex form is formed using more or less words and adverbs in their original form: more strictly .

2. Superlative

a) A simple form is formed by replacing the suffix -o with the suffix -heishe ( -ishe ): submissively-humble, brightly bright .

b) The complex form is formed in two ways:

- using the words of everything , everyone and a simple form of comparative degree: above all, most of all ;

- using the words most , least, and adverbs in their original form: most interesting . ^[one]

• suffix : fast - quickly , creative - creatively ;
• prefix : dry - dry
• prefix : good - not good , where - nowhere ;
• Addition of different types:
  • addition of words: barely, barely - barely , rashly - insanely ;
  • addition to the first element semi- : half-lying ; half sitting
  • addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: walk by - in passing ; half, strength - half-power .

Through a hyphen write ^[2] :

• in the dialects of -th , -th , -th , -sky , -sky , -y with the prefix- ( in another , in a good way , in German , in English , in a bear form );
• in the dialects of -th , -th, with the prefix в- , в- , formed from ordinal numbers ( first );
• in indefinite dialects with the prefix some and-suffixes -to / -also / -never / -so / / -ka ( somewhere, somehow );
• in the dialects formed:
  • repetition of words and the foundations of words (barely , willy-nilly , after all );
  • a combination of synonymous words ( unexpectedly ).

The prefix is ​​written together:

• in adverbs formed from adjectives with the help of this prefix and suffixes -u , -enka , -onka ( simply );
• with forms of a comparative degree of adverbs ( higher );

Written together:

• adverbs formed by combining prepositions with adverbs ( now , from the outside , forever );
• adverbs formed by combining the prepositions in and on with collective numerals ( double , triple );
• adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives ( hard-boiled ).
• adverbs formed by combining a preposition and a noun ( above , above , far , due );
• adverbs formed by combining the preposition with interrogative and demonstrative pronouns ( why , why ).

Adverbs consisting of a preposition in and a full adjective starting with a vowel are written separately ( in open ).

It should be remembered that phrases that matter circumstances are already adverbs, not nouns .

English

In English, adverbs are divided into ^[3] :

• adverbs of the place;
• adverbs of time;
• adverbs of degree;
• adverbs of a mode of action;
• others.

Adverbs can characterize a verb or verb phrase, sign, another adverb, noun ( only the boss ; quite a lovely place ), pronouns and whole sentences ^[4] .

Variable adverbs

In most languages, an adverb is considered an unchanging part of speech. At least two languages ​​are known in which adverbs are able to have consonant suffixes: Avar and Maori ^[5] .

• “Modern Russian Language,” ed. D. E. Rosenthal

• Alyos Brandner. Adverbs in the circle of parts of speech - The history of their occurrence (education) (neopr.) (Doc) (inaccessible link - history ) . Date of treatment January 20, 2010.