Southeastern dialect of the Ukrainian language

The following dialects are included in the southeastern dialect of the Ukrainian language ^{[4] [6]} :

• Middle Dnieper (Middle Dnieper) dialects ^{[~ 1]} (East Poltava and Right Bank Cherkass dialects are distinguished in their composition) ^[9] ;
• Slobozhansky dialects ;
• steppe dialects (in their composition distinguish sub-Dnieper, western- steppe and southern Bessarabian dialects) ^[10] .

Compared with the areas of other Ukrainian dialects, the area of ​​the southeast dialect occupies the largest territory. His dialects are common in the central, southern and eastern parts of Ukraine. The area of ​​mid- Dnieper dialects occupies the territory of central Ukraine in the middle reaches of the Dnieper - Cherkasy and Poltava regions , the southern part of Kiev region , the south-western part of Sumy region , the northern parts of Kirovograd and Dnipropetrovsk region ^[9] . Slobozhansky dialects are common in the territory of Sloboda Ukraine - in the Kharkov region , in the southeast of Sumy region and in the northern part of the Lugansk region , in addition, Slobozhansky dialects are found in the adjacent territory of Russia (in the southern regions of the Kursk , Belgorod and Voronezh regions , as well as in the south -western regions of the Rostov region ) ^[11] . The steppe dialects occupy the territories of southern (steppe) regions of Ukraine that are significant in coverage - the southern part of the Kirovograd region , most of the Dnipropetrovsk region (excluding its northern regions), Donetsk region , the southern part of Lugansk region, most of the Nikolaev region (excluding its north-western regions) , the southern part of Odessa region , Crimea , Zaporizhzhya and Kherson regions . In addition, steppe dialects are common in the Krasnodar Territory of Russia (the so-called balachka ) and in the Danube Delta in southeastern Romania ^[10] . In addition, southeastern dialects (often with features of North Ukrainian dialects) are common among Ukrainian immigrants in the Stavropol Territory , in the Volga Region , Siberia and the Far East , as well as in Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan ^[5] .

In the north, the range of dialects of the south-eastern dialect borders on the range of the northern dialect of the Ukrainian language (with Middle Poless (right-bank-Polesskie) and East Poless (left-bank-Polessie) dialects . In the north-east and east, the area of ​​the south- Russian dialect ( Kursk-Oryol , Oskol and Don dialects ) adjoins the area of ​​the south-eastern dialect, in the west - the area of ​​the south-western Ukrainian dialect ( Volyn and Podil dialects ), in the south-west - the area of ​​the Romanian language ^{[1] [2] [3] [5]} .

Southeast dialect was formed from the XVI to the XX century in the process of expanding the ethnic territory of Ukrainians . The initial area, on the basis of dialects of which the southeastern dialect type later developed, was the Middle Dnieper area, which in its linguistic system has a number of features of North Ukrainian origin. As a result of the resettlement of Ukrainians from the Middle Dnieper to the southern and eastern forest-steppe and steppe regions in the XVI – XVIII centuries, two groups of dialects of late formation — Slobozhansky and steppe — developed. Finally, the southeastern dialect is formed in the XIX-XX centuries. In the process of the spread of dialects in the southern and eastern directions, Ukrainian regions were formed adjacent to the areas of other languages, areas of inter-stripe resettlement of native speakers of Ukrainian dialects with native speakers of South Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian and other dialects. This contributed to the intensification of interlanguage contacts, as a result of which Russian , Bulgarian , Moldavian and some other languages ​​influenced the dialects of the southeastern dialect ^[5] .

Southeast dialects are characterized by many linguistic phenomena that are recorded in the literary norm of the Ukrainian language, in particular, they have a six-phonemic shock vocalism , including vowels / і /, / and /, / е /, / а /, / о /, / y / ^[5] . At the same time, dialects of the southeastern dialect are characterized by their own characteristics, not reflected in the literary language. These include features such as ^{[8] [9]} :

1. The preservation of the softened / p ′ / at the end of the word: bazá [p ′] ( Ukrainian literary. Bazaar “bazaar”), kosá [p ′] (Ukrainian uk . Literary . Kosar “ bazaar ”), script [r ′] (Ukrainian letter. clerk "clerk").
2. Preservation in a number of positions of soft hissing : lo [sh′á] (Ukrainian letter of the horse "foal"), Vedme [w] (Ukrainian letter of the horse "bear"), bi [w] t ′ ( Ukrainian letter. “run”), sy [sha] t ′ (Ukrainian letter. dry “dry”).
3. The presence of the ending -i in many adjectives of the solid group: the people [n′i] (Ukrainian literary. Folk "folk"), gar [n’i] (Ukrainian the letter. Garni "beautiful", b’í [l’i ] (Ukrainian letter. bіliy "white"), etc.

In addition, various kinds of features are found in less widespread distribution in various dialects of the southeast dialect. So, in some mid- Dnieper dialects, alveolar / l˙ / is noted : milk (Ukrainian alphabet . Milk “milk”), bul˙á (Ukrainian alphabet letter. “Was”), maple (Ukrainian alphabet . Maple "maple"); inflection -im , --ih in the dative and local cases of the plural of nouns with the basis for the soft consonant: kó [n′im] (Ukrainian alphabet for horses “horses”), díí [t′im] (Ukrainian alphabet. children “for children”), on kó [n′ih] (Ukrainian letter on horses “on horses”), on d’í [t′ih] (Ukrainian letters on children “on children”).

Slobozhansky dialects are characterized by “repetition” (vowel pronunciation [y] in the place / o /, especially before the syllable c / u /): п [у] жáр (“fire”), t [у] б′í (Ukrainian letter to you "to you"); strong convergence of articulation unstressed / e / s / and / and weak rapprochement / and / s / e /: in [u] sná (Ukrainian letter. Spring "spring"), with [i] ló (Ukrainian letter " village " village "), but vishn [é] viy (Ukrainian literary. cherry " cherry ") is alive [é] (Ukrainian literary. alive " lives ").

In the steppe dialects, as well as in the parts of Slobozhansky and Middle Dnieper dialects adjacent to their range, there is a lack of alternation of consonants / d /, / t /, / s /, / s / s / d͡zh /, / h /, / f /, / ш / in the form of the verb of the 1st person of the singular II conjugation: ho [d ′] ý (Ukrainian letter. I go “go”), kru [t ′] ý (Ukrainian letter. I twist “twist”), about [with ′] Ý (Ukrainian letter. I ask "I ask"); distribution in the forms of verbs II conjugations of inflection -e instead of unstressed -it : go [e] (Ukrainian letter. Walk “walks”), simple [e] (Ukrainian letter “ ask ” “ask”), nos [e] (Ukrainian .liter. wear "wears"); in some dialects there is no alternation of posterolinguistic / g /, / k /, / x / s / z /, / c /, / s / nouns in the forms of the dative and local cases: doró [g′i] (Ukrainian lit. dorozi “Road”), ru [k′í] (Ukrainian literary. Ruzi “hand”), mý [x′i] (Ukrainian Ukrainian letter. Musi “fly”).

In addition, for certain dialects of the south-eastern dialect, phenomena such as pronunciation in accordance with the phoneme / f / consonants / x /, / хв / are characteristic : тýхлі , хвъбрика ; preservation of vowels [o], [e] in unstressed syllables at the place of etymological / o /, / e /: cloves , beseda , stitch , etc.

In southeastern dialects, Russisms are widespread (especially in the steppe dialects), and Turkisms , Bulgarianisms , and borrowings from Romance languages are also found ^[5] .

Comments

Sources

1. Zhovtobryukh M.A. , Moldovan A.M. East Slavic languages. Ukrainian language // Languages ​​of the world. Slavic languages . - M .: Academia , 2005 .-- S. 513-548. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2 .

• Hrytsenko, P. Yu. Dialectology // Ukrainian Move : Encyclopedia . - Kiev: Ukrainian Encyclopedia, 2000. ISBN 966-7492-07-9 (Retrieved January 6, 2015)