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2015 in science

2015 was declared by the United Nations the Year of Soils, as well as the Year of Light and Lighting Technology. [1] [2]

2015 in science
2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011
2012 • 2013 • 2014 • 2015 • 2016 • 2017 • 2018
2019 • 2020 • 2021 • 2022 • 2023 • 2024 • 2025
Other events in 2015

Events

January

  • January 2 - A study published in the journal Science showed that one protein can partially create another protein from amino acids without genetic instructions [3] .
 
X-ray flash in a supermassive black hole Sagittarius A * in the center of the Milky Way galaxy
  • 5 January
    • NASA reported a record x-ray burst, 400 times stronger than usual, in a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A * in the center of the Milky Way galaxy [4] [5] .
    • Scientists mapped the genome of the bowhead whale and identified the genes responsible for its two-hundred-year life span, the largest among mammals [6] [7] [8] [9] .
    • The Japan Meteorological Agency declared 2014 the warmest year in history [10] [11] .
    • Scientists have developed a drug that accelerates the metabolism of mice and helps to reduce weight and reduce the amount of fat [12] [13] [14] . Human trials can begin in two years [15] .
    • According to studies, an earthquake in Ohio in March 2014 caused hydraulic fracturing [16] [17] .
  • January 8 - American scientists created a new type of antibiotic - teixobactin [18] .
  • January 26 - NASA reported the passage of asteroid (357439) 2004 BL86 with a diameter of 0.5 km at a distance of 1,200,000 km from Earth [19] .
  • January 31 - the start of the SMAP research mission, designed to measure soil moisture in the Earth [20] .

February

No exact dates

  • A group of researchers from the United States, Europe, Chile and South Africa said that about 70 thousand years ago, another star invaded the boundaries of the solar system. The red dwarf star Scholz passed through the outer part of the solar system, known as the Oort cloud . For the first time this star was identified as belonging to the class of the closest to the Sun German astronomer Ralph-Dieter Scholz in 2013. The Scholz star in the Oort cloud was accompanied by a brown dwarf [21] .

March

  • March 5 - Dawn spacecraft reached Ceres and entered a circular orbit around this dwarf planet [22] .
  • March 14 - Surgeons in the Republic of South Africa performed the world's first successful penis transplant operation [23] .
  • March 20 is a total solar eclipse visible in the North Atlantic Ocean [24] .
  • March 27 - Soyuz TMA-16M spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome for a one-year stay in space. The crew is Gennady Padalka , Mikhail Kornienko and Scott Kelly [25] .

No exact dates

  • The discovery of the phenomenon of layer-by-layer flow of ice masses in the ice sheet of Antarctica [26] .

April

  • April 5 - after repair and modernization, the Large Hadron Collider was launched again [27] .
  • April 11 - the second stage of the work of the Large Hadron Collider began at an increased collision energy of 13 TeV [28] .
  • April 13 - analysis of data from the Curiosity rover indicates the possibility of the existence of liquid water on Mars [29] .
  • April 17 - published photos of monkeys considered extinct belonging to the red colobus Bouvier subspecies [30] .
  • April 20 - in Egypt, Russian archaeologists discovered the legendary "white walls" of Memphis [31] .
  • April 27 - The American company SpaceX launched the first Turkmen satellite into space [32] .
  • April 30 - At the end of the mission of the Messenger spacecraft on the study of Mercury, NASA defeated the MESSENGER AMS on the surface of Mercury [33] .

May

  • May 6 - in the bottom sediments of the Atlantic Ocean, the microorganism Lokiarchaeota from the supremacy of archaea was found , filling the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes [34] [35] .
  • May 14 - in an article by American theorists, the idea of ​​a new superconducting detector was proposed, which will allow you to sense dark matter particles with masses in the megaelectron-volt and even kiloelectron-volt ranges, thereby expanding the search range by 4-5 orders of magnitude [36] .
  • May 21 - Bates mimicry in snakes can contribute to the emergence of reproductive isolation [37] .
  • May 26 - in search of new drugs for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effect of the suppression of methyltransferase EZH2 was studied. In cancer cells from tumors with an inactivated BRG1 gene product or with overactive EGFR, EZH2 inhibitors significantly increased the sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug etoposide. The results of this work open up new possibilities for the precision treatment of cancer [38] .
  • May 31 - Solar Impulse-2 solar-powered aircraft, piloted by Swiss flight across the Pacific Ocean [39] .

June

  • June 2 - an article by an international group of researchers describes the complex process of metastasis in prostate cancer. New data have been obtained on the molecular mechanisms of the development of resistance to therapy, which may be useful for the development of new drugs that block the development of resistance [40] .
  • June 3 — particle collisions at a maximum power of 13 tera-electron-volts (TeV) began in the Large Hadron Collider , which marked the beginning of a new phase of the installation after a long break [41] .
  • June 13 - at 22:28 CET, the Fila probe, whose connection was lost after landing on Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko on November 12, 2014, got in touch and transmitted about 300 data packets within 85 seconds. According to the first information, the probe temperature is −35 degrees Celsius, the input power is 24 watts. Scientists are waiting for the next contact to obtain more complete data [42] .
  • June 22 - scientists found out that in a quantum system of a large number of particles located in the gravitational field, decoherence due to the effect of gravitational time dilation [43] will occur.

July

  • the 14 th of July
    • In the Large Hadron Collider, they discovered a new elementary particle - pentaquark ( LHCb experiment) [44] .
    • NASA 's New Horizons spacecraft passed Pluto [45] .
  • July 23
    • Launch of the Soyuz TMA-17M manned spacecraft with a crew of Oleg Kononenko , Kimi Yui and Chell Lindgren ( USA ). The ship docked with the ISS [46] .
    • NASA scientists have announced the discovery of Kepler-452b , the first earth-like exoplanet found in the orbit of the inhabited zone of a sun-like star [47] [48] .
  • July 30 - astronomers have confirmed the existence of the nearest exoplanet - super-earth HD 219134 b [49] .

August

  • August 12 - a new, fifteenth, type of pentagonal parquet was opened [50] .
  • August, 26th
    • The results of scientific work have been published, which describes a new species of iguaniformes from the Upper Cretaceous in Brazil - Gueragama sulamericana , and reviewed the evolution of lizards in the ancient supercontinent Gondwana [51] [52] .
    • The work of English scientists discovered and described a mechanism by which the inclusion of modified cytosine derivatives in DNA is prevented. But the most significant result of the work seems to be that it has been shown that it is possible in principle to use enhanced expression of cytidine deaminase in a number of malignant tumors — a known mechanism of resistance to anticancer drugs — for treating cancer [53] .
  • August 29 - The Martian experiment began in Hawaii, which will last a year. During this time, six people will be in an isolated dome with a diameter of 11 meters and a height of six meters [54] .

September

  • September 13 is a private , visible in South Africa and parts of Antarctica [55] .
  • September 28th
    • The data of the interplanetary station Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter confirmed that the “ repeated elongated structures observed on Mars” appear due to salt water in the liquid state [56] .
    • The Indian Space Research Organization launched Astrosat , India's first astronomical satellite [57] .

October

  • October 21 - the Kepler space telescope discovered the absorption of a large rocky planet by a white dwarf known as WD 1145 + 017, which leads to a loss of up to 40% of luminosity with periods from 4.5 to 4.9 hours. The presence of heavy chemical elements in the optical spectrum of stars of this type was directly proved for the first time [58] [59] .

November

  • November 12 - the ceremony of laying the first stone of the world's largest telescope was held in Chile [60] .
  • November 13 - the discovery of the first gamma pulsar PSR J0540-6919 , which lies outside our galaxy [61] , was announced.

December

  • December 2 - The European Space Agency sent the LISA Pathfinder from the Kourou launch site using the Vega rocket , during the flight of which technologies for searching gravitational waves are being developed [62] .
  • December 7 - The Japanese Akatsuki probe entered the orbit of Venus , five years after an unsuccessful first attempt [63] .
  • December 9 - Researchers at Google’s Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and NASA announced that the D-Wave quantum computer does function using quantum superposition and quantum entanglement [64] .
  • December 10 - test plasma was obtained at the Wendelstein 7-X experimental thermonuclear reactor [65] .
  • December 22 - US-based private company SpaceX carried out the first ever guided landing of a launch vehicle [66] .
  • December 30 - IUPAC officially recognized the discovery of chemical elements No. 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 [67] .

Rewards

Nobel Prizes

  • Medicine and physiology - William Campbell and Satoshi Omura - “For the development of a new method of treating diseases caused by round parasitic worms”, Tu Yu - “For his contribution to the creation of therapy against malaria - a disease that carries mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus” [68] .
  • Physics - Takaaki Kajita and Arthur MacDonald - "For the discovery of neutrino oscillations " [69] .
  • Chemistry - Thomas Lindahl , Aziz Sanjar , Paul Modric - “For the restoration of DNA ” [70] .
  • Literature - Svetlana Aleksievich - “For her many-voiced work - a monument to the suffering and courage of our time” [71] .
  • Peace Prize - Quartet of National Dialogue in Tunisia - “For the decisive contribution of the Quartet to the construction of pluralistic democracy in Tunisia following the results of the Jasmine Revolution in 2011” [72] .
  • Economics - Engus Deaton - “For the Analysis of Consumption, Poverty, and Welfare” [73] .

Balzan Award

  • History of European Art (1300-1700): Hans Belting (Germany)
  • Economic History: Joel Mokir (Israel / USA)
  • Cosmic Ray Physics: Francis Halsen (USA)
  • Oceanography: David Michael Carl (USA)

Physics

  • Milner Prize [74] :
    • Adam Riess , Brian Schmidt , Saul Perlmutter - for the most unexpected discovery - the expansion of the Universe is accelerating , not slowing down, as it was long ago believed.
  • Poincare Prize [75] :
    • Alexei Mikhailovich Borodin , Thomas Spencer , Herbert Veneer .
  • Gold medal named after I.E. Tamm [76]
    • Mikhail Andreevich Vasiliev - for the series of works “Gauge theories of higher spins”.

Math

  • Abel Prize
    • John Nash ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) and Louis Nirenberg ( New York University ) - "for a striking and original contribution to the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and its applications to geometric analysis" [77] .
  • Math Breakthrough Award
    • Jan Agol became the laureate for his contribution to the and geometric group theory , including for his work on proving , and .
    • In the nomination “New Horizons of Mathematics”, the prizes were awarded to and [78] . Peter Scholze refused another prize in the nomination “New Horizons of Mathematics” [79] .

Computer Science

  • Knut Award - Laszlo Babai
  • Turing Award - Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman - “For a Fundamental Contribution to Cryptography ” [80] .

Grand Gold Medal named after M.V. Lomonosov

  • Leonid Veniaminovich Keldysh
  • Paul Corkum [81] .

Medicine

  • Medical Breakthrough Award [82] :
    • Jennifer Dudna , Emmanuel Charpentier
    • Victor Embros , Gary Ravkan
    • Charles David Ellis
    • Alim Louis Benabi
  • Albert Lasker Prize for Basic Medical Research [83]
    • Evelyn Witkin ,

Microbiology

  • Levenguk Medal
    • Craig Venter [84]

International Biology Award

  • Osumi, Yoshinori - cell biology.

Died

  • November 16 - Ivan Yurievich Chernov , Russian scientist, ecologist , soil scientist , corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences , professor of Moscow State University , doctor of biological sciences .
  • August 20 - Dmitry Gennadyevich Matishov , Russian scientist, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
  • November 23 - Douglas North , American economist, 1993 Nobel Laureate in Economics .
  • December 30 - , German mathematician; son of Erwin Nestle , grandson of Eberhard Nestle [85]

See also

► 2015 in science

Notes

  1. ↑ International Year of Soils (Neopr.) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Date of treatment June 14, 2017.
  2. ↑ International Year of Light 2015 (Neopr.) . Lightsources.org. Date of treatment June 14, 2017.
  3. ↑ Staff. Defying Textbook Science, Study Finds New Role for Proteins . University of Utah (2 January 2015). Date of treatment February 25, 2015.
  4. ↑ Heavy Duty Flash in Sagittarius A * (link not available)
  5. ↑ RELEASE 15-001 - NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole . NASA (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 6, 2015.
  6. ↑ Scientists mapped the genome of the Greenland whale and identified the genes responsible for its longevity.
  7. ↑ Greenland whale has been living for over 200 years. What can tell his genome?
  8. ↑ Scientists map bowhead whale's genome; discover genes responsible for long life . Technie News (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 5, 2015.
  9. ↑ The bowhead whale lives over 200 years. Can its genes tell us why? (eng.) . Science Daily (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 5, 2015.
  10. ↑ Japan Meteorological Agency declared 2014 the warmest year in history
  11. ↑ 2014 Was The Hottest Year On Record Globally By Far . Climate Progress (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 5, 2015.
  12. ↑ An experimental drug helps to reduce weight in mice. (inaccessible link)
  13. ↑ Fatty mice were the first to test the anti-obesity drug.
  14. ↑ "Imaginary meal" tricks the body into losing weight . Salk Institute (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 6, 2015.
  15. ↑ New drug tricks metabolism into burning fat as if you've just finished a meal . Washington Post (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 6, 2015.
  16. ↑ Last year, fracking caused hundreds of earthquakes in Ohio, USA. Archived on September 16, 2015.
  17. ↑ Fracking caused Ohio earthquake in 2014, say researchers (inaccessible link) . RTCC (January 5, 2015). Date of treatment January 6, 2015. Archived on January 6, 2015.
  18. ↑ American scientists have created a new type of antibiotic.
  19. ↑ Asteroid to Fly By Earth Safely on January 26 [2015 ] . NASA (January 13, 2015). Date of treatment January 29, 2015.
  20. ↑ NASA launched a launch vehicle with the SMAP research satellite.
  21. ↑ Astronomers: another star passed not far from the Sun.
  22. ↑ Chris Gebhardt . Dawn completes historic arrival at Ceres (English) (March 05, 2015). Date of treatment March 6, 2015.
  23. ↑ In South Africa, doctors successfully transplanted the patient’s penis.
  24. ↑ A solar eclipse began in the capital. Archived on April 2, 2015.
  25. ↑ The Soyuz spacecraft launched from Baikonur. Archived March 28, 2015.
  26. ↑ Scientific discovery of Russian scientists.
  27. ↑ CERN was able to restart the Large Hadron Collider.
  28. ↑ News of the Large Hadron Collider. Protons are accelerated to 6.5 TeV.
  29. ↑ Evidence of liquid water found on Mars. (eng.)
  30. ↑ Scientists have proven that the red colobus Bouvier is not really extinct.
  31. ↑ Russian archaeologists discovered the legendary “white walls” of Memphis // Russia 24
  32. ↑ SpaceX, an American company, launched the first Turkmen communications satellite into space.
  33. ↑ NASA crashed the Messenger station on the surface of Mercury.
  34. ↑ Deep-ocean microbe is closest living relative of complex cells. (eng.)
  35. ↑ A newly discovered microbe fills the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  36. ↑ A new idea is proposed for finding light particles of dark matter.
  37. ↑ Bates mimicry in snakes can contribute to reproductive isolation.
  38. ↑ Suppression of EZH2 methyltransferase may increase the effectiveness of anticancer therapy.
  39. ↑ The Solar Impulse aircraft began its flight across the Pacific Ocean.
  40. ↑ Scientists have traced the evolution of lethal metastatic prostate cancer cells.
  41. ↑ The Large Hadron Collider began to work at full energy.
  42. ↑ Rosetta's lander Philae wakes up from hibernation (English) , European Space Agency, Media Relations Office (June 14, 2015). Date of treatment June 14, 2015. (English)
  43. ↑ Gravity can cause decoherence of large quantum systems.
  44. ↑ A pentaquark predicted by Russian physicists was opened at CERN.
  45. ↑ The New Horons probe flew past Pluto.
  46. ↑ The Soyuz spacecraft with the international crew moored to the ISS.
  47. ↑ Chou, Felicia; Johnson, Michelle. NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth . NASA (July 23, 2015). Date of treatment July 23, 2015.
  48. ↑ The first earth-like exoplanet was found in the inhabited zone of a sun-like star (neopr.) . nplus1.ru (July 23, 2015). Date of treatment July 23, 2015.
  49. ↑ Gina Anderson et al. NASA's Spitzer Confirms Closest Rocky Exoplanet NASA (July 30, 2015). Date of treatment July 31, 2015.
  50. ↑ Mathematicians have found a new type of pentagonal parquet.
  51. ↑ Tiago R. Simões, Everton Wilner, Michael W. Caldwell, Luiz C. Weinschütz & Alexander WA Kellner. A stem acrodontan lizard in the Cretaceous of Brazil revises early lizard evolution in Gondwana (eng.) // Nature Communications . - 2015 .-- 26 August (vol. 6). - DOI : 10.1038 / ncomms9149 .
  52. ↑ Anastasia Barinova. The remains of an ancient and previously unknown iguana were found in Brazil (neopr.) . National Geographic Russia (August 28, 2015). Date of treatment August 29, 2015.
  53. ↑ Modified nucleosides can be a cure for cancer.
  54. ↑ An experiment on survival on Mars has started in Hawaii.
  55. ↑ A double solar eclipse occurred on September 13, NASA reports.
  56. ↑ Mars soaks in the summer.
  57. ↑ PSLV Successfully Launches India's Multi Wavelength Space Observatory ASTROSAT. Archived on September 30, 2015. (eng.)
  58. ↑ Astronomers have seen the death star destroying the planet.
  59. ↑ A disintegrating minor planet transiting a white dwarf (neopr.) . Nature (October 21, 2015). Date of treatment October 22, 2015. (English)
  60. ↑ The largest telescope began to be built in Chile.
  61. ↑ An extremely bright gamma-ray pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud . Science (November 13, 2015). Date of treatment March 2, 2018.
  62. ↑ Simulator for the search for gravitational waves.
  63. ↑ Hit the Venus the second time.
  64. ↑ Google announced the creation of a working quantum computer.
  65. ↑ Erstes Plasma: Fusionsanlage Wendelstein 7-X in Betrieb gegangen. (German)
  66. ↑ Private business in space: the success of the Falcon reusable rocket .
  67. ↑ Discovery and Assignment of Elements with Atomic Numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 . IUPAC (December 30, 2015). Date of treatment December 31, 2015.
  68. ↑ Parasites brought to the prize.
  69. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physics went to the authors of the discovery of neutrino oscillations.
  70. ↑ Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded for DNA repair.
  71. ↑ Svetlana Aleksievich received the Nobel Prize in literature.
  72. ↑ The “quartet” of national dialogue in Tunisia became the Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
  73. ↑ Engus Deaton was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics.
  74. ↑ Laureates of the largest scientific award announced in the USA.
  75. ↑ Site Maintenance
  76. ↑ Gold Medal named after I.E. Tamm.
  77. ↑ Tape.ru : The mathematical “Nobel” was given to the hero of the movie “Mind Games” . 03/25/2015.
  78. ↑ Zuckerberg and Milner presented the largest scientific award in the world (Neopr.) . RBC (November 9, 2015). Date of treatment May 30, 2016.
  79. ↑ Breakthrough Prize.
  80. ↑ Cryptography Pioneers Receive Acm AM Turing Award
  81. ↑ Meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on January 26, 2016.
  82. ↑ Laureates. (eng.)
  83. ↑ Albert LaskerBasic Medical Research Award. (eng.)
  84. ↑ Leeuwenhoek Medal. Archived on October 6, 2014. (eng.)
  85. ↑ Bernhard Andelfinger und Fritz Nestle (Hrsg.). Reihe Mathematik für weiterführende Schulen. Freiburg i. Br. (darin verschiedene Bände als Bearbeiter)
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_year_in_science&oldid=98076176


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