Xia (Enclitika)

The most complete Wackernagel law in Old Russian was carried out in living speech. Written sources were significantly influenced by Church Slavonic norms , therefore, in the vast majority of cases, they were put after the verb. Novgorod birch-bark letters most accurately reflect live speech, as well as an exposition of the direct speech of secular persons in the annals . Thus, the Ipatiev Chronicle (XII century) in relation to the position of sia can be divided into two parts - the direct speech of secular persons on the one hand, the direct speech of church servants and the personal speech of the chronicler on the other ^[1] . Moreover, in the direct speech of secular persons, the preposition is encountered much more often than in the direct speech of the ministers of the church and the personal speech of the chronicler. For example, in phrases starting with a pronoun for which preposition is most characteristic ^[2] , preposition is used in 81% of phrases in direct speech of secular persons versus 12% of phrases in direct speech of church persons and the chronicler’s own speech ^[3] .

In the 11th – 12th centuries in living speech, the position of this is determined by the Wackernagel law. In birch bark letters of the XI - beginning of the XIII centuries, the preposition accounts for about 50% of all cases of use. In the later period (XIII-XV centuries), a tendency to formulate after the verb appears, which indicates a noticeable narrowing of the scope of the Wackernagel law and a tendency to a wider use of optional rhythmic-syntactic barriers ; in birch bark letters of this period, preposition accounts for about 29% of all cases of use. After the 15th century, preposition in non-church sources practically disappears, and from an enclitic pronoun it turns into a return postfix . So, in the " Zadonshchina " (XVI century), the preposition occurs only once, in the " Tale of the Take of Constantinople by the Turks " - four times. A more significant influence of the old norm is noticeable only in some monuments of this period, such as “ Walking the Three Seas ” by Athanasius Nikitin ^[4] .

In church sources, the preposition in the Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic monuments is rare (2.7% of cases in the Mariinsky Gospel , 2.3% in the Putyatya Mineya ) and this trend persists until the 15th century.

Thus, birch-bark letters and Old Slavonic and similar texts are polar with respect to the location of the encyclical, the rest of the monuments are located between them.

Throughout the corpus of sources, a maximum of the preposition is observed in the 11th – 12th centuries; in the most ancient and relatively late period, minima are noted ^[4] .

The preposition and postposition in live speech in the Old Russian language is determined by the structure of the group of the return verb form and its grammatical form. Depending on this, preposition and postposition options can be divided into several categories ^[5] .

1. If the phrase begins with a verb in a non-infinitive form or with proclitics , followed by such a verb, a mandatory posture is required: then thought will break through the tree (proclitics plus the verb); hanging by the day, hanging by the other ^[6] .
2. For phrases beginning with the infinitive , a preposition is characteristic in live speech: Mogou with you in the water ^[7] ; I’m giving birth to you ^[8] .
3. The most characteristic preposition is for phrases starting with a pronoun: but I didn’t correct it in borzoi ^[9] ; you don’t toss and turn, nor much ^[10] .
4. At the initial significant word, the preposition predominates in live speech, and it is more characteristic for phrases starting with the subject : nowadays, a drouzhin taught a lesson ^[11] ; They freeze to death ^[12] . However, in the case of an optional rhythmic-syntactic barrier, after the first clock group of the phrase, a postposition is also possible: with people overwhelming ^[13] ; and the vzhniki are creative in the head of the Event Slavou hryvnia ^[14] . The presence of an optional barrier and, as a consequence, preposition or postposition was determined by whether the speaker gave any special weight to the initial clock group.
5. If the phrase begins with a union or another proclitic, it attracts enclitics and a proclitic-enclitic complex is formed with the following position: social network with me ^[15] .
6. In the case of the two-term initial component of the phrase, the norm is the postposition: your board (s) is only first (your apiary is robbed first) ^[16] ; first of all, kayusѧ (cf. and the same to kayu in a construction with a one-term initial component) ^[12] . However, in very rare cases, there may also be a preposition: son-in-law king bows (brother-in-law bows you) ^[10] ; With a stupid little child pirѣkh ^[17] . In this case, the norm with a preposition is fully consistent with Wackernagel's law, however, its displacement began very early and it practically does not occur already in the monuments of the 11th – 12th centuries ^[18] .
7. If the phrase begins with unparticipated communion, the postposition prevails: “but you didn’t ask me” ^[19] , however, in the most ancient monuments there is also a preposition: then it would be better to prick out ^[20] .
8. In phrases starting with supines and participles in the member form, a mandatory posture is required: strong fighters , “ let's beat” .

In very early monuments there are also occasionally examples when one encyclical refers to two homogeneous verbs: then no one else can harm you and destroy (be damaged and kill) ^{[5] [21]} ; to keep from us not a single one of heaven, who is diligent and laboring ^[22] .

Double sya - cases where sya is written twice - both in preposition and in postposition. This phenomenon is characteristic of the transition period (in the Old Russian language, mainly of the 15th – 16th centuries), when Wackernagel’s law no longer applies and a new norm has not yet been formed. However, doubles are rare in written sources (0.4% of cases in sources from the 15th – 16th centuries) ^[23] . In letters (both birch-bark and parchment), it is found from the second half of the 14th century: many cannot be found ^{[24] [25]} . There is also a double one in the lists from more ancient manuscripts: the genus Polovchin was found there ^[26] . According to the assumption of A. A. Zaliznyak ^[27] , the second sya (in the postposition) is explained by the mistakes of the late scribes. So, in the phrase and packs, the Russian land was all over us ^[28] in the word the letters crumbled together , which means that the scribe himself noticed his mistake.

In the Eastern Slavic languages ​​( Russian , Ukrainian and Belarusian ), ceased to be a clique and turned into a reflexive postfix of verb forms ^[29] . The exception is the southwestern dialects of Ukrainian , in which the clique of S'a maintained a free position with respect to the verb: јa s'a fun'u and јa fun'us'a ^[30] . Moreover, in the Western and South Slavic languages, its analogues exist up to the present moment and, similarly to the Old Russian language, can be both in the preposition and in the postposition ^[29] , for example, Polish ( się ), Czech ( se ), Slovak ( sa ), Bulgarian ( se - varni se “come back”, yes se varna “to return”) and Serbian ( se ) languages. Moreover, in the Serbian language, a distant preposition is relatively common (the enclitic does not directly adjoin the verb, but is separated from it by one or several words) ^[31] .

• Zaliznyak A. A. Enclitiki // "The Word of Igor's Campaign": a look of a linguist. - M .: Languages ​​of Slavic cultures, 2003. - 480 p.
• Zaliznyak A.A., Yanin V.L. A.A. Zaliznyak. To the study of the language of birch bark letters // Novgorod letters on birch bark (from the excavations of 1984-1989). - M. , 1993 .-- S. 191-321.
• Zaliznyak A.A. Old Russian Enclitics. - M .: Languages ​​of Slavic cultures, 2008. - 280 p.
• Roland Sussex, Paul Cubberley. The Slavic Languages. - Cambridge University Press, 2006 .-- 638 p.
• Ukrainian mov: encyclopedia / ed. V. M. Rusanivsky. - Ukrainian Encyclopedia im.M.P. Bazhana, 2000 .-- 750 s. - ISBN 966-7492-07-9 .