Southern Payute

Southern Payute is one of the languages ​​of the southern subgroup of the Numian group of northern Yuto-Aztec languages . Its dialects are spoken by representatives of numerous Indian tribes inhabiting southwestern Utah , northwestern Arizona , northern Nevada and southeastern California .

At the beginning of the 20th century, according to the terminology of Kröber, the southern Payute was referred to a branch of the Utah Chemeuevi Plateau-Shoshonian language family.

The southern subgroup includes: - Payute dialects - Ute dialects (western Colorado and most of Utah ) - Kawaiisu (southern and central California ) - Chemeuevi (southeastern California )

According to Ethnologist, 1,430 carriers. The language of live communication for all generations, but the number of its carriers is decreasing. In San Juan, he is the first mainly for adults, but not for children. The overwhelming majority of native speakers is also in English . Unlike chemeuevi, for whom the revitalization program has started, and from the cante, whose support programs are funded by the tribes themselves, there are no programs for the southern payute.

The Latin alphabet is used as writing.

Polysynthetism

The structure of the sentence in the southern payute is such that a cluster of the enclitic joins the verb word form, forming with it a single phonetic word that is not a word form from a morphological point of view. Enclitics join directly to the end of the preceding word, no morphological processes occur at the junction.

iviŋu = nthɕɑ = r'ɔɑ = nɪ

drink = pst = inter = i

I drank?

Nouns of different types, participants with different semantic roles can be incorporated into the verbal word form itself: from the subject and the direct object , to the instrument and place.

pɑʝɯu-rɯq: ɑi '

fish-eating

he is a fish

pɑ-ʝunuyɔʁwɑi '

water is boiling

Water is boiling

Agglutination

Prefixing (in word formation ) and suffixing (in word formation and inflection ) are present.

nɑ-vшnɪ-thuic: -ɑiɑŋɑ-nɪ

refl-see-allow-it-me

He _i let me see him _i .

Double labeling

In the naming group :

mɑŋɑiɑ pɑɑ-ɑŋɑ

he.obj aunt-poss.3sg

his aunt

In the predication : Nuclear actants of the verb are marked with cases , and in the verb word form there is an indicator of agreement with the object in person and number.

mɑŋɑɕ: unɪts: piy-ɑ̅ŋ ɑŋ 'sɑʝwɑxuɕɑv-i sɑ'ɑ-p: ɯʝɑiy-ɑŋ'

thats then mother-3sg.poss she cook falcon-obj-narr.pst-3sg.obj

Then his mother cooked a falcon.

Actative labeling strategies for actants

The only actant of the patient verb is formalized by the subject case (it does not have a real morphological indicator)

ɯŋɑ'pitɕ ɑŋ 'wɯ'ɯk: upɯʝɑ'

baby he fell

The baby fell.

The only actant of the agent verb is formalized by the subject case.

ɕinɑ̅ŋwɑφi qɔnipшʝɑ

the coyote is back

Coyote is back.

Double-Acting Actants: agent - subject case, patients - object case (-i)

unɪts: ɑi-p: ɯʝɑ 'ɑʝwɑxuɕɑv ɑŋ' piyɑiɑv ɑŋɑtux: wɑ

then he said falcon mother.poss to her

Then the falcon told his mother.

mɑŋɑɕ: unɪts: piy-ɑ̅ŋ ɑŋ 'sɑʝwɑxuɕɑv-i sɑ'ɑp: ɯʝɑiy-ɑŋ'

thats then mother-3sg.poss she cooked falcon-obj-3sg.obj

Then his mother cooked a falcon.

Basic word order

As can be seen from the previous example, the base is the SOV order.

Phonetics and phonology

Vowels

Southern payut distinguishes 5 vowels of different quality, each of which can be short or long.

ɑ, i (additionally distributed with ɪ), u (additionally distributed with o), ɔ, ɯ (characteristic of most Shoshon dialects).

There are also diphthongs: ɑi (ɛi), ui (oi), ɔi, ɯi, ɑu

At the end of the word the vowels are stunned.

Consonants

A record is a compromise between the record used in [Sapir 1930] and the MFA .

  ts; ts h 

  (k)

  (k h )

  (k hw )

Heminated and glottalized consonants are also found. They are used to express some grammatical meanings, such as the semelective and exactness of the action, as opposed to the long-term action.

Emphasis

The basic law is the law of alternation of shock and unstressed seas, according to which all the odd moors are “weak”, or relatively unstressed, and all even are “strong” or relatively shock. The main stress falls on the second mora.

Thus, all words beginning with the primordially long vowel, diphthong or guttural occlusive, are stressed on the first syllable. Words that begin with a primordially short vowel are stressed in the second syllable, except when it is the last. In this case, the vowel of the last syllable is stunned, and the stress is returned to the first syllable.

Morphology

Name

Security System

Two cases are distinguished: subject and object.

• Subject case: marks the subject of the main-clause verb and the object under the imperative
• Object case: marks an object of a transitive verb, a subject of a subversion of a subordinate clause, a nominal group

Plural

It can be formed in two ways:

  Reduplication (for animate and inanimate)
 Plural suffixes (for animated only) -ŋwɯ-, -m: ɯ-

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Group a: He, he, unspecified

Group b: He, the one visible

Group with: He, this

Group d: He, the invisible

There are also groups of enclitic personal pronouns (used in the function of articles), demonstrative (match the personal pronouns of the 3rd person), interrogative, relative and reflexive.

Numbers

Primary numbers only 1-3.

1. ɕv: -

2. wɑ̅-

3. pɑi-

4. wɑ'tɕɯŋwi (based on the numeral 2: wɑ̅ -> wɑ)

5. mɑn: ɪɣɪ- (mɑ - hand)

6. nɑvɑi- (nɑ - reciprocator + p --i -> twice three)

7. nɑvɑɪcɑvɑi- (based on 6.)

8. wɑ'ɑŋwɑ'ɕɯŋwi- (somewhat irregular reduplication 4.)

9. ɕu (w) ɑrɔɣɔmɑ'ɕɯŋwi- (ɕu (w) ɑ - approximately + 10.)

10.tɔɣɔm: ɑ'ɕɯŋwi- (mɑ - hand)

Verb

The order of the elements in the verb form

Preffix Positions

  Adverb prefix
 Reflective prefix
 Instrumental prefix

The foundation

  Verb stem (simple or compound)
 Verbalizing suffix

Suffix positions

  Pledge and aspect suffixes: -γɑ-, -γi-, -q: i-, -n: ɑ-, -tɕɑ-
 -tɕɑi-
 Causative -t: hui-
 Indirective (or Transceiver) -ŋqɯ-
 Plural suffixes -q: ɑ-, -'ŋwɑ-, -t: ɯ-
 Motion suffixes, continual -n'ni-
 Semelfactive suffixes -ŋu-, q: u-
 Effective -q: ɑi- and passive -t: ɯ̅-
 Perfection -q: ɑi- and nusitive -m: iɑ-
 Future time suffix -pɑ̅-
 Usitative -n: ɑ-
 Narrative past -p: ɯʝɑi-
 Impersonal -th: uɑ-
 Indicators of time and inclination: present -yɯ-, -q: ɑ-, modal -kv: -, dubitative -pɯ̅-
 Syntactic elements: nomination, subordinate suffixes

Enclitic positions

The order of the enclitic elements in word form

Values ​​of Verbal Prefixes

Adverbial meanings are expressed in verb prefixation:

спокойно- calmly, gradually

i̅- in advance

ɯ'- vain

nɑm: ɯ- first

nɑn: ɪ- separately

ɔn: ɔ- ​​just now, early

Classifying Suffixes

Examples:

pɑ'ɑ-φi - animal-an

tsɪ'ɑ-mpi - Caroline Rose-berry

qɑnɑ-φɯ - willow-plant

qwi̅-ts: - left hand-pers, left-handed

Some nouns, such as kinship terms, parts of the body, part of the whole, imply the presence of a possessor. In case the possessor is unspecified or unspecified, the suffixes -φi, -p: i, -mpi are also used.

-φi: moɑ-φi

father poss.0

-p: i: ɑɯ-p: i

blood-poss.0

-mpi:-mpi

language-poss.0

Suffixes accompanying possession relationships

According to the grammar of E. Sapir, there are a number of suffixes in the Southern Payute that accompany the possessive enclitic pronouns and possession verbs.

-ɑ-: for alienable affiliation

tɯvwɪ-p: ɯ-ɑ-nɯmɪ

country-kl-poss-1pl.excl

our country (not including the listener)

-'ɑ-: for inalienable accessories, which, however, in life often occurs separately from its owner (skin, bone, fat, saliva)

tɯɣiɑ-yoo-'ɑ

deer-fat-poss

fat deer

-ŋwɑ-:

pɑɯ-ŋwɑ-nɪ

blood-poss-1sg

my blood

Verb suffixes of voice and aspect

• Sapir, Edward. 1930. Southern Paiute: a Shoshonean Language. Proceedings of the American Society of Arts and Sciences 65. 1-3. (1992 reprinted, The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, ed. by William Blight. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter).

• http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ute