Tibeto-Burmese languages

The classification of Tibetan-Burmese languages ​​is still not fully developed. Recently, several generalizing works have appeared, on the basis of which a number of indisputably distinguished branches of the lower level can be distinguished. There is no consensus among researchers regarding their unification into larger groups.

Most researchers agree with the following branches of Tibetan-Burmese languages ​​(from west to east):

1. The West Himalayan branch (Kinauri-Almor) is distributed in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal and in neighboring Nepal .

• Kinauri group (Kanauri, 8-14 languages, 81 thousand, including Hondu )
• Almorskaya (4 languages, 9 thousand) - in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal and in neighboring Nepal.
• Perhaps they are related to the dead language shangshung (Zhangzhung), in which the books of the ancient Tibetan religion Bon are written.
• language ravat (language) / jangali - on the border of India and Nepal.
• a group of tanmi baramas (thangmi baras) in the center of Nepal (tanmi and baram languages).

2. The Central Himalayan branch includes 6 languages: West and East Magar, Raji, Bhujel , Chepang and Vayu , scattered across the foothills of Nepal (800 thousand speakers).

3. Dhimal - close to the previous branch - the dhimal language in eastern Nepal (17 thousand), and possibly the Toto language.

4. Nevar language - in the Kathmandu valley in the center of Nepal (826 thousand).

5. The language of lepcha (rong) is in the state of Sikkim (India), Bhutan and Nepal (75 thousand).

6. Bodic branch (Bodic / Tibetic)

• Tibetan group : Tibetan (over 6 million, Tibet ), West Tibetan , South Tibetan (including dzong-ke in Bhutan ) and some other languages;
• Tamang group : languages Tamang , Gurung , Manang , Chantyal and others in Nepal (1.5 million);
• Kham group : 4 languages ​​in the center of Nepal (60 thousand); possibly also includes kaike language
• group ( bumtang -) takpa - 2 languages ​​in Bhutan, India and China (45 thousand);
• the ganglion tongue on the border of Bhutan and India (150 thousand).

7. The branch of Kiranti (East Himalayan ) - 32 languages ​​in eastern Nepal (550 thousand), including the languages Limbu , Sunwar , Bantava .

8. West Arunachal branch ( SBSL ) in the west of the state of Arunachal Pradesh (India, 9 thousand), includes the languages Sherdukpen , Bugun , Lisp and Sulung .

9. The Khrusoy branch - the languages ​​of Khruso and Dhammai (8 thousand), east of the previous one.

10. The branch of tani (adi-mising-niches, abor-miri-dafla) in the center of Arunachal Pradesh (India, 9 thousand) - includes over 13 languages ​​(more than 1 million speakers).

11. The branch of Ida-Digaru (Mishmi, Digarish, Mishmi) - Ida (Ida-Mishmi) and Digaru (Digaro-Mishmi, Taraon) languages ​​(Arunachal Pradesh, China)

12. Miju-Kaman language (Kaman, Miju Mishmi, Heman, Miju, Kaman, Miju-Geman, Keman 'Mishmi') - Arunachal Pradesh, China

13. A branch of sal (jingpo-cognac-bodo, bodo-cognac-jingpo)

• Bodo-Garo branch (Bodo-Koch, Bodo-Garo-Koch) - Bodo language in the state of Assam ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Bangladesh
• cognac branch (northern naga ) - Nagaland , Arunachal Pradesh
• lu-kachinsky branch
  • Kachin Group ( Jingpo ) - North of Myanmar , Yunnan
  • Luy group (Luish, Sak): sak, kadu (kado), andro, sengmai - the north of Myanmar

14. Mikir language (karbi, arleng) - Assam , west of the naga

15. Branch of cookies-chin-naga ( India , on the border with Myanmar)

• Manipuri Language (Maythey) - Manipur State
• Southern Naga - Nagaland, Manipur:
  • ao group
  • a group of angami poormi
  • earth group
  • Tanghul group (Luhupa)
• Kuki-chin branch (miso-cookie-chin) - Manipur, Mizoram , Myanmar
  • central cookie subgroup
  • northern subgroup of cookies: anal , lamgang
  • old cookie

16. Gyalrong Qiang branch (Tangut-Qiang branch) ( China : Sichuan )

• Gyalrong group (Jiazhong, rGyalrong, Jiarong) - languages Gyalrong , Lavrung (Guanyinqiao), Ergun (Horpa, Daofu, Hunkai, Horpa Shanzhai)
• Qiangic group - about 14 languages, possibly including the extinct Tangut language

17. The Nung branch (Trung, Ravang, Nungish, Trungic) - Dulong languages ​​(taron, trung, qiu, tsuzy, tsyupa, qiao), anong, ravang - on the border of China and Myanmar

18. The extinct language I drink - the north of Myanmar before the arrival of the Burmese

19. Lolo-Burmese branch:

• Burmese group : Burmese , Zaiva (Atzi, Zi ), Lashi (Lezi), Maru (Long), Achansky (Ngachang), Bola , Phon
• loloy group ( lolo ):
  • northern subgroup: nusu ( well ), nasu , nose , nisu (the last three are spoken by groups of people and )
  • central subgroup: sledges , asi , already , already , lahu , fox , lolopo ( lipho or lipo ), laluo , jino
  • southern subgroup: akha , hani , power , bisoid (bisu, phuna, payen), MPI
  • gokhu , jojou
• Nashi group (nakhi) - Nashi and Moso ( na ) languages ​​(China: Yunnan, Sichuan)

20. Karen branch - about 10 languages ​​in Myanmar and Thailand

21. Mru language ( Muru ) - on the border of Bangladesh and Myanmar

22. Tujia branch - languages ​​of northern and southern tujia in Hunan province (China)

23. The bai branch is apparently a former Tibetan-Burmese language that has survived a strong and long-standing Sinization and is now one of the languages ​​of the Chinese subfamily with a strong Tibetan-Burmese substrate

Some associations of a higher rank proposed by various researchers:

• Himalayan languages ​​(Himalayish) - conditional association, including branches 1-10;
• Rungian languages ​​(Rung (ic)) include (according to LaPolla 2000, 2003) Gyalrong, Tsyan, Nung, Kiranti, West Himalayan, less likely Kham, Central Himalayan and Dhimal. This association is not confirmed by lexicostatistics .

• Benedict PK Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus . JA Matisoff (Ed.). Cambridge: The University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-521-08175-0 .
• Bradley D. (Ed). Tibeto-Burman languages ​​of the Himalayas . Canberra: Australian National Univ., Dept. of Ling., Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 1997, viii, 182 p., 8 maps. - (Pacific Linguistics A, 86), (Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics, 14).
  • Including: Bradley D. Tibeto-Burman languages ​​and classification.
• Coblin WS A Sinologist's Handlist of Sino-Tibetan Lexical Comparisons . Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 18. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1986. ISBN 3-87787-208-5
• Matisoff J. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-09843-9
• Shafer R. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1-5). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966-1974.
• Thurgood G., LaPolla RJ (Eds.) Sino-Tibetan Languages . Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5

Including:

• • Thurgood G. A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: the interaction between language contact, change and inheritance. pp. 3-21.
  • LaPolla RJ Overview of Sino-Tibetan morphosyntax. pp. 22–42.
  • Burling R. The Sino-Tibetan languages ​​of Northeastern India. pp. 169–192.

• Tibeto-Burman languages ​​and their subgrouping - James Matisoff
• Sino-Bodic - George van Driem
• Mother Tongue newsletter description of van Driem's ​​proposed reordering of the Sino-Tibetan language group into a new Tibeto-Burman classification. (eng.)
• Himalayan Languages ​​Project
• On Sino-Tibetan morphology - Guillaume Jacques (Fr.)
• Language and Culture of the Apatani (Tanii) of Arunachal Pradesh, India