Gendarganoy

The name Taipa Gendarganoy in modern scientific and journalistic literature can be used in various forms of writing - Gendargenoy, Gendarghnoy, Gyandargnoy . Hence, the name of this ethnogroup in Russian traditional transmission of ethnonyms can be different - Gendarganoys, Gendargenoys, Gendarghnoys, Gyandargoys . The pan-Chechen self-name of the Gendargenoys is naughty .

In his 1978 work, a Chechen local historian , teacher and people's poet A.S.Suleymanov argued that the folk etymology of the name Taipa Gendarganoy was formed from the names of two brothers - Gandar and Guno, who, together with their sister named Kurchala, founded clan village of Gendarganoyans - Gendargan ^[9] .

In 1997, a tradition was inserted into the reprint of the work of A. S. Suleymanov, in which another legendary hero was mentioned, a possible ancestor and eponym of the Gendarganoys - the grandson of the Syrian king Gundargen ( see the section "Legends and Traditions" ). Then, according to this legend, the name of the ethnic group did not come from the names of two brothers, but on behalf of one first ancestor ^[10] . In the same year, 1997, art critic and art historian T. A. Mazaeva also suggested the origin of the name Taipa Gendaganoi (T. A. Mazayeva - gendagena) on behalf of one semi-mythical ancestor of this Taipa ^{[~ 2] [11]} .

Composition

The internal division of the taipa Gendarganoi into various tribal branches ( Chech. Gary, Neki ) by modern researchers has not yet been sufficiently studied. At the beginning of the XXI century, in various articles and publications you can find only some references to the tribal divisions of Taipa. So, for example, a Chechen linguist, Ph.D. filol. Sciences A. D. Vagapov mentions the Gendarganoi Iappaz-nekye ^[12] ; ch. V. Bibulatov, a specialist expert at the AUP of the Chechen Republic , mentions Bersi- nekye and Singalkhoi-nekye ^[13] .

Resettlement and numbers

The calculation of the Nakh population by individual societies was always carried out by researchers approximately, therefore, to date, accurate information and the number of Gendarganians does not exist. According to publications in the press and the Internet in the late XX - early XXI centuries, gendargan is considered one of the largest Chechen taipas. Sometimes journalists / bloggers speak of him as the second largest type of Chechnya (eg I. Novikov ^[14] ), sometimes even the number is indicated - 100,000 people (eg V. P. Lebedev ^[15] ).

They live in the villages of Beno-Yurt , Berdykel , Znamenskoye , Dubovskaya , Nadterechny , Novye Atagi , Starye Atagi , Martan-chu , Komsomolskoye , Tangi-Chu , Urus-Martan , Chiri-Yurt , Alkhan-Kala ^[16] .

Origin

Legends and Traditions

According to A.S.Suleymanov, the traditions and information of the teppara speak of the emergence of the tribal village of the Gendarganoys in the 10th century (the date is not confirmed by anything). The legendary founders of the village of Gendargan are the brothers Gandar and Guno, as well as their sister Kurchala. Later, “when it began to live closely in Gendargan,” Guno and Kurchala moved to new places and founded, respectively, the villages of Guni and Kurchaloy (at A. S. Suleymanov - Gunn and Kurchal ), thus giving rise to the taipas of Guna and Kurchala ^{[9 ]} .

Some researchers speculate about only one legendary ancestor of the Gendarganians ( see the "Title" section ). In the reprint of the work of A. S. Suleymanov in 1997, an insert appeared about yet another tradition, which in its own way explains the origin of the Gendarganians (the tradition was placed in the chapter dedicated to taipa Guna; in the original work of 1978 in the chapter on Guna there is no such tradition ^[17] ) ^{[ 10]} :

“When the Syrian king Said Ali died, a representative of another clan appeared on the throne. The sons of King Said Ali Obul Khan, Rasht Khan and Khamzat Khan, who lost their father's throne, did not want to live in their homeland and went north. They ended up in the area of ​​“Kurku-Lam” or “Khetash-kort”, in the area of ​​the current location of the villages of Tsontara and Teza-Khalla . One of these three sons of the Syrian king Said-Iali had three sons - Gundal, Nizhal and Gundargen. The latter - Gundargen donkey where the village of Gendargan is located today, and two brothers - Gundal and Nizhal - remained in place. ”

- “ Toponymy of Chechnya ” 1997.

A number of researchers (for example, Dr. of historical sciences , professor G.Z. Anchabadze , 2001) doubt the possibility of the Syrian origin of the Nakh ancestors, believing that this detail was explicitly inserted into the legends later, and is associated with the spread of Islam ^[18] .

Relation to the Nashkh Historical Region

The first of the ancestors of the genus Gendarghuna, a native of Nashha, is Kandaria and his son Yahuddiy ^[1] .

A.S.Suleymanov , in his work mentions the connection of the Gendarganoyans with the historical region of Nashkh:

“In the village of Khiyalakh, located in the south of Nashkh, at the head of the Gekhi River, a dilapidated residential tower, called the“ Venda gala ”, is still preserved. It is the tribal tower of the Gendarganoys ” ^[19] .

Despite the lack of scientific evidence today that any taip has its origin from Nashkh, the existence of legends about the residence of the Gendargan people in this historical area (which was recorded by A. S. Suleimanov ^[20] ), as well as some other information (for example, materials from the archives of the heirs Shoip Tsenteroevsky ^[21] ), allow researchers to suggest that a connection between this tayp and Nashkh could exist. In this case, it is most likely that the Gendarganoys could be related to the Nashkhinsky villages of Khil and Chermokhka ( Chech. Charmarma ).

Migration processes and participation in the formation of the Chechen ethnic group

The Nakh ethnic groups have the most ancient history in the Caucasus ^[22] , however, the formation of the Chechen people proper is the result of complex processes of internal ethnic consolidation of the East-Nakh population only in the 16th – 18th centuries ^{[~ 3]} . During this period, the Nakh societies migrated to the foothill plains and at the same time they are Islamized - the most important religious and cultural factor in the formation of the Chechen ethnic group ^[23] . The core of the Chechens ’unification was the historical community of Nokhchis (present-day Nokhmakhmakhahoytsy ) - immigrants from the historical region of Nokhchmokhk (also known as Ichkeria ; present-day Nozhay -Yurt and Vedensky districts of Chechnya), who extended their tribal name to all other ethnic groups who spoke the common language with them ^{[ 24] [25]} .

An active part of these processes was also the component of the Nokhchah / Nokhmakhmakhoys - the Gendarganoys, but the information about the relocations of each Nokhmakhmakh Koya Taip separately is extremely incomplete, and those that have been preserved are not confirmed by academic studies. According to modern private publications on the Internet (presumably based on materials from the archives of Shoip Tsenteroevsky’s heirs), representatives of the Taip Gendarganoy settled from the Nashkh region to the lowlands of the Priterechye, including beyond the Terek . In 1722, under the onslaught of the Russian troops, the gendergenes were forced to retreat to Sunzha , where they founded the village of Chach . In 1758, this village was destroyed by troops under the command of the Kizlyar commandant Frauendorf, and at the same time the Gendergoys retreated to their clan farms. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Urus-Martan settlement arose from three villages: the Gendarganoy — Mart , the Benoy — Dzhargan and the Peshkhoy — Peshkhoy Roshni . According to the author of the article, Umar Mavsarov from the village of Tsentaroy, in this area the Gendarganians played the most significant role both before the appearance of the village of Urus-Martan and after ^[21] .

XIX century

In the era of Beybulat Taimiev, his main military and political support were Chulik Gendargenoyev and Ismayilin Duda . At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, the activities of Chulik Gendargenoyev were unfolding in Urus-Martan , whose authority was so great that he, together with Taimi Beibulat, was called one of the most respected people in Chechnya. His nephew Ismayilin Duda became known not only as one of Taimi Beybulat’s closest associates, but also because he defended the interests of the poor and destitute ^[26] . Illi , describing the exploits of Ismayilin Duda, were one of the most popular in Chechnya ^[27] . There are few legends about the military exploits of Duda Ismailov, but the stories about the cases when Duda showed high examples of Chechen etiquette are still popular ^[28] .

On September 6, 1807, Beibulat Taimiev and Chulik Gendargenoyev, pursuant to the decision of the gathering of Chechen elders in 104 villages, who decided to stop the resistance, went to Vladikavkaz to negotiate with the authorities. At the conclusion of the negotiations, Taimiev and Chulik Gendargenoyev announce the cessation of resistance ^{[29] [30]} .

After the death of Beybulat Taimiev in the period (1834-1840), one of the most famous military leaders was Isa Gendergenoyevsky , who commanded Chechen forces during the tsarist invasion of Chechnya and earned authority among Chechens due to his courage ^[31] .

The brothers Isa and Musa Gendergenoyevsky played an important role in the election of Shamil as the imam of Chechnya and Dagestan . They were the first to propose inviting Shamil to Chechnya . Meanwhile, Shamil, after a severe defeat in Akhulgo in the summer of 1839, was hiding in the mountains of Chechnya with several close associates and members of his family. At the beginning of 1840, Isa Gendargenoyevsky received Ahverda Magoma, the companion of Imam Shamil. During this meeting and subsequent negotiations with influential representatives of other Chechen societies , it was agreed that all of Chechnya would side with Shamil in his struggle with tsarist Russia . On March 7, 1840, a congress of the Chechen people was held in Urus-Martan, at which Shamil was proclaimed imam of Chechnya and Dagestan ^{[32] [33]} .

In 1840-1845, Isa Gendergenoyevsky commanded Chechen troops at the battle of Valerik . Also under Dargo, a division of Isa Gendergenoyevsky defeated the Klugenau detachment . In this battle, generals Passek , Viktorov , Krivoshein and Ronzhevsky died, the Chechens captured the entire convoy and artillery ^{[34] [35] [36]} .

Comments

Sources

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