Montmartre ( French Montmartre ) - the name of a 130-meter hill in the north of Paris and the ancient Roman settlement. In 1860, the district became part of the city, giving the name to the 18th municipal district .
Montmartre Hill is the highest point in Paris. At the top of the hill is the Sacre Coeur Basilica , one of the most popular sights of the French capital. You can climb Montmartre along the famous stairs or using the funicular .
In 2001, the film " Amelie " was released, the scene of which became Montmartre.
Title
There are several versions of the origin of the word "Montmartre." According to the first version, the name comes from lat. Mons Martis - Mars hill on the temple located here in ancient times in honor of this deity, or even Mons Mercori in honor of another Roman temple. According to another version, the name much later - Montmart, possibly comes from Mons Martyrium - the hill of the martyr, and it is so named after Dionysius of Paris [1] [2] .
History
Gallo-Roman era
In the Gallo-Roman era, two temples in honor of the gods Mars and Mercury rose on a hill. Thanks to the gypsum deposit, Montmartre has become one of the richest areas in the county. At this time, many villas and temples were built there. Later, the quarries where gypsum was mined served as a refuge for the first Christians .
In about the year 272, the first bishop of Paris, St. Dionysius , Presbyter Rustik and Deacon Eleutherius . According to legend, after beheading Dionysius took his severed head in his hands, washed it at the source and walked about 6 kilometers. At the place where he fell dead, they founded a place that later became known as Saint-Denis [3] . In the Middle Ages, Montmartre was a place of pilgrimage for believers.
Middle Ages
In the XII century, the Order of St. Benedict was a monastery built. The monastery church of Saint Pierre de Montmartre near Tertre Square is one of the oldest sacred places in Paris. It was built by order of Louis VI on the site of the former temple of Mars (5th century) and was consecrated on Easter week 1147. August 15, 1534 Ignatius de Loyola founded the Order of the Jesuits on Montmartre.
At the same time, the construction of windmills for grinding gypsum began and vineyards were laid.
XIX century
During the campaign of Gebhard Leberecht Blucher during the 6th revolutionary war, the troops of General Langeron captured the Montmartre heights near Paris. On March 20, 1814, the French military leaders capitulated . The next day, the allies of the liberation wars entered Paris.
A memorial plaque hangs on one of the restaurants in Montmartre, which reads: “On March 30, 1814, the Cossacks first demanded that they be served faster, hence the name bistro (the distorted“ Fast! ”) [4] .” This legend, popular in France, does not correspond to reality - the word bistro appeared only in the 1880s and is not connected with the Russian word [5] .
The projects of Baron Osman significantly influenced the development of Paris - life in the city has risen in price much. Not only workers, but also more affluent families settled in Montmartre.
Plaster mining has become Montmartre's most important economic sector. One of the streets at the foot was named due to the white color of the gypsum White Square ( Place Blanche ). Plaster mills were built.
June 6, 1859 Montmartre became part of Paris. One year after accession, the population of Montmartre was 57,000.
In March 1871, after the end of the Franco-Prussian war, Montmartre became the birthplace of the Paris Commune . After the massacre of members of the commune in May 1871, the French National Assembly decided to build a church on Montmartre Hill in memory of the liberation of Paris from the commune. 3 years later, construction began on the Sacre Coeur Basilica, which today is one of the symbols of Paris.
At the end of the 19th century, Montmartre attracted numerous artists with its low (compared to the city center) prices. Renoir , Van Gogh , Toulouse-Lautrec , Utrillo , Apollinaire , Customs Officer Russo lived and worked here; a little later - Picasso , Braque , Modigliani . Poor artists and poets rented rooms in the dilapidated hut of Bateau Lavoir , where there was no light and gas and only one tap on five floors. Bars and cabarets such as Black Cat , Moulin Rouge and Agile Rabbit were favorite venues for Parisian bohemia .
XX century, our time
At the beginning of the 20th century, especially after the First World War, the role of the bohemian quarter passed to the Montparnasse quarter, the birthplace of modern painting. On the boulevards at the foot of the hill between White Square and Pigalle Square, the Paris Red Light District arose.
Today, Montmartre along with the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower is a favorite destination for tourists. Crowds of tourists besiege mainly Sacre Coeur and Tertre Square . Montmartre is occupied by portrait painters, cartoonists and graphic artists. For a small fee (an average of 15-20 € ), they offer numerous tourists a 15-minute drawing of a portrait or caricature , and also put their work up for sale on Tertre Square.
The area around the Moulin de la Galette cabaret and the Montmartre cemetery , on the contrary, is very quiet and deserted, and gives the quarter the atmosphere of old Paris.
On the street of Saint-Vincent is the Montmartre vineyard , whose harvest annually allows you to get 400-500 liters of Montmartre wine.
In the Montmartre area is the famous Moulin Rouge cabaret. Also nearby is the Moulin de la Galette Mill, the only surviving 14th-century grain mill. Next to it is a restaurant, which is painted in Renoir’s painting “ Ball at the Moulins de la Galette ” (located in the Orsay Museum ).
Today, the reputation of the neighborhood does not bother tourists who are happy to enjoy the relaxed and bohemian atmosphere of Montmartre in hotels styled as decadent dens. One of them is located in the Belle Epoque building, each number of which is named after the famous courtesans of Paris ( Carolina Otero , Liana de Puzhi , Teresa la Paiva and Virginia Castiglione) [6] .
Center of Churches
There are three churches on Montmartre Hill:
- Sacre Coeur Basilica ;
- Church of Saint Pierre de Montmartre ;
- Church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre .
And also three religious communities:
- sisters from Notre-Dame du Cénacle (in Montmartre since 1890);
- Carmelites
- Benedictines from the Sacre Coeur.
See also
- Bateau lavoir
- Sacre Coeur Basilica
- Montmartre Cemetery
- Wall of love
Notes
- ↑ Albert Magnier. Le Jugement de Montmartre . - Paris: Éditions du Mont-Cenis, 1962. - P. 6. - 50 p.
- ↑ Petite histoire de Montmartre (Fr.) . Commanderie du Clos Montmartre. Date of treatment October 4, 2015.
- ↑ History of Saint-Denis at Slovopedi
- ↑ Leonid Parfyonov “Russian Empire” (DVD)
- ↑ Bistro (t), ote, (bistro, bistrot), subst. : Étymologie (Fr.) . Center National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales . Date of appeal September 12, 2017.
- ↑ Maison Souquet .
Literature
- Karko F. From Montmartre to the Latin Quarter. L .: Surf, 1927 (reprint: M .: Marikhi, 1993).
- The dwelling of glorious muses: Paris in literary works of the XIV — XX centuries. M .: Moscow Worker, 1989
- Apollinaire G. Wandering along two shores. Farg L.-P. Paris passerby. St. Petersburg: Ivan Limbach Publishing House , 2004