Road building

Understanding the importance of communications in the USSR , the leadership of the state and I.V. Stalin , at the end of the Great Patriotic War , during the demobilization of the USSR, to preserve the unique experience of the Far East Armed Forces of the USSR and to assist the national economy ^[2] , from the shortened formations of the Far East Armed Forces of the Union (about 400 thousand. road warriors ^[3] ), in 1945, the decision of the State Defense Committee (GKO) on June 4 of the same year adopted the Decree № 8924 "on the construction of roads for road transport links between industrial and regional centers Trani ' ^[4] and was created road-building connection - special road-building housing the NKVD ^[5] , as part of the four road-building division, for the construction and reconstruction of damaged during the war, the network BP USSR (highways nationwide values, roads of defense value). Performed the construction of roads and bridges of a constant type. As it developed, the composition of the ODSK increased, in 1949, there were already 5 divisions in the corps. The total number of corps troops is 37,960 people, of which 3,808 officers , 33,719 sergeants and privates, and 443 civilian employees ^[6] .

The basis of the osdsk was the road forces to be disbanded. Two divisions participated in the construction of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex , the Kuibyshev hydroelectric power station , the oil fields of Tataria and Bashkiria , the mica fields of Transbaikalia , the third in Rostov-on-Don and the fourth in Kharkov ; they built main roads of national importance Kharkov - Rostov-on-Don , Kharkov - Simferopol and other blood pressure. In the period from 1945 to 1956 he built 3244 kilometers of paved roads, 17 kilometers of bridges, laid 2.7 kilometers of culverts of reinforced concrete pipes.

According to a note by G.K. Zhukov and V.D. Sokolovsky, dated January 18, 1956, to the Central Committee of the CPSU , on reducing the size of the Allied Armed Forces ( Khrushchev reduction ), the Special Road Building Corps was to be disbanded by December 1, 1956, and its personnel to be dismissed or transferred to other formations. Fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the osdsk for disbandment, in 1956, were assigned to the structures included in the Main Directorate of Highways (Gushosdor).

In 1988, once again, the Communists made another attempt to solve economic, social and economic issues in the country, at the expense of the Armed Forces of the Union.

When I was appointed minister, Gorbachev calls me up and says: it is necessary to reduce the army. Five army departments have reduced. Reduced two departments of the military districts - the Volga and Central Asian. Reduced several divisions. And instead of all this, military-building formations and associations were created. Gorbachev suggested: let's create a building for construction in the Non-Black Earth Region . They created a body. In addition, four railway corps then worked for the national economy. Two BAM buildings were built, and two more buildings in the Tyumen region to the oil rigs the railways conducted. One railway brigade worked in Mongolia , another in Azerbaijan . But this seemed to him not enough. Suggests: let's create rice brigades. Created rice brigades, divisions in the Far East. We specially organized two military state farms that cultivated rice for cosmonauts and residents of Leninsk ( Baikonur ). And 500 military units worked at industrial plants. Especially in chemical plants ...

- Ex-Minister of Defense of the USSR Dmitry Yazov

At the direction of the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU, M. S. Gorbachev , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Government decided to raise to a new level a huge region - the Non - Chernozem Zone of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, where a developed network of highways between settlements was needed for successful social and economic development of regions of the RSFSR , which would ensure reliable communication between businesses and farms and agribusiness naselo GOVERNMENTAL points.

By the decision of the USSR Government, the state programs “Roads of the Non-Chernozem Territory” and “Roads in the Village” were proclaimed;

• Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 272 ​​of February 19, 1988 "On the state program for the construction and reconstruction of roads in the Non-Black Earth Zone of the RSFSR."
• Decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 12 of 1991.
• Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of August 6, 1991 No. 860-r “On the maintenance of military road formations of the Central Road Construction Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR that carry out the construction of on-farm roads in the Non-chernozem zone of the RSFSR” ^[7] .
• Decisions of the Council of Ministers of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kirov, Kostroma, Gorky, Oryol, Perm, Ryazan, Sverdlovsk Regions and the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The USSR Ministry of Defense was appointed one of the state bodies responsible for the implementation of these decisions ^[1] .

One of the objectives of the decisions was the construction of publicly-owned blood pressure and on-farm blood pressure (on-farm blood pressure) as part of the Non-Black Earth Roads and Rural Roads programs. In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, to ensure the fulfillment of such important tasks, by order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR No. 0185 ^[8] , the Central Road Construction Department of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR (TsDSU MO USSR) was created. Lieutenant General ( Colonel-General since 1990 ) S. Kh. Arakelyan , Colonel V.D. Kovshov , Chief Engineer, was appointed the head of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Headquarters - Moscow ^[1] .

To implement the decisions, the Minister of Defense of the USSR set the task to the High Command (High Command) of the troops (forces), the Departments of the USSR Armed Forces, the Departments of the USSR Ministry of Defense and the Departments of Military Districts (VO) (groups of troops) to form (from the reduced formations of the USSR Armed Forces) and provide military units and formations TsDSU MO of the USSR and sending them to the places of the fulfillment of the tasks for their intended purpose, in nine regions and one autonomous republic of the RSFSR, namely in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kirov, Kostroma, Gorkovskaya, Oryol, Perm, Ryazan, S erdlovskuyu and Udmurt ASSR ^[1] .

The Main Directorate of Engineering Troops (headquarters of the Engineering Troops) was determined and appointed responsible for the formation of the Central Command and Control Department of the USSR Ministry of Defense. The Central Road Administration (CDU) of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR refused, due to the presence of only cadres of military units and formations that are fulfilled by missions for the limited contingent of Soviet troops in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (OKSVA) and the oil and gas complex of Western Siberia .

The military units of the reduced formations from the Soviet Army ( Strategic Rocket Forces , Air Force , Air Force , Airborne Defense Forces ) and even the Navy of the USSR Armed Forces were sent to the formed formations and units.

Initially, the main organizational and production units of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR Ministry of Defense, 20 separate road-building brigades (ODSBR) of four battalion composition were created. Later, they were reduced to three road-building buildings (DSC) created for improving manageability, headquarters in the cities of Vologda , Kirov and Ryazan ^[1] .

In 1994, a DSC was formed with headquarters in Surgut , Tyumen Region , in the zone of oil and gas fields in Russia to equip the territory ^[9] . On June 29, 1995 ^[10] , a DSK was formed with headquarters in Khabarovsk to optimize the construction of the Amur highway ( Chita - Khabarovsk - Nakhodka ). By 1999, the DSC had been reduced.

At the moment, no state in the world has such formations as the road building corps in the armed forces.

The composition of the ODSK included ^[11] :

• management (headquarters);
• 4 ^[11] , 5 ^[11] , 6 ^{[11] [12]} road construction divisions (DFS) (headquarters - Rostov-on-Don , Kharkov , Simferopol and others);
• military road school ^[8] (VDU);
• 65 separate road battalions (odb);
• other parts and institutions, with a total staffing of 43,903 military personnel ^[8] .

The corps has 5 divisions. The total staffing force of the corps is 37,960 people, including 3808 officers , 33,719 sergeants and privates, and 443 civilian employees ^[6] .

The structure of the DSK CDSU of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, already on the basis of experience and the application of OSDS, included: ^[13] :

• management (headquarters);
• four to ten separate road construction brigades (ODSBR);
• two - four separate repair and restoration battalions (ORB);
• and other formations.

In the history of the Far East Armed Forces of Russia, the following formations existed, such as the DSC:

• Special Road Building (OSDSK), headquarters - Moscow ;
• 62nd Road Building Corps (62 DSC), headquarters - Vologda ;
• 63rd road building building (63 DSC), headquarters - Kirov ^[14] ;
• 64th road building block (64 dsk), headquarters - Khabarovsk ^[10] ;
• 65th road building block (65 DSC), headquarters - Ryazan ;
• 78th road building block (78 DSC), headquarters - Surgut ^[15] .

From 1945 to 1956

Between 1945 and 1956, Osdsk built 3,244 kilometers (km) of paved roads, 17 km of bridges, and laid 2.7 km of reinforced concrete pipes. This building built the main roads of national importance Moscow- Leningrad , Moscow- Gorky , Rostov - Novocherkassk - Krasny Luch , Krasnodar - Pavlovskaya , Moscow- Simferopol , Kutaisi - Tskhaltubo , Kharkov-Rostov, Kharkov-Simferopol, the Black Sea highway bypassing Sukhum landslides, resort roads to Lake Ritsa and other roads on the territory of the RSFSR , Ukrainian SSR , BSSR , the Baltic states , the ring road ( MKAD ) and concrete roads around Moscow for the capital’s air defense , the Totsky training ground (where atomic weapons were tested), took The construction of Moscow State University , Luzhniki and high-rise buildings in Moscow, commissioned roads in the Stepanovo - Ploskino sections ; Tosno - Kirovsk ; Shchekino - Eagle ; Usadishte - Ilyinsky Pogost - Zaprudino ; Zelenogorsk - Primorsk ; Leningrad - Vyborg ; Leningrad - Petrozavodsk ( Murmansk highway ), as well as the highway "Northern half ring" and so on.

From 1988 to 1998

For the period from 1988 to 1992, the road-building buildings of the FDSU at the FDS were built (reconstructed), equipped and put into operation:

• about 500 military camps, industrial bases and field camps;
• 80 asphalt plants ;
• 33 cement concrete plants ;
• 54 mechanized bitumen storages ;
• 40 km of railway dead ends and 25 km of railway lines ^[1] ;
• about 200 quarries (permanent and temporary) for the extraction of gravel-gravel materials and sand-gravel mixtures ^[16] ;
• 2242 km of roads, including 802 km of public roads, 1440 km of on-farm roads;
• 1,150,000 tons of asphalt mix were produced;
• about 32,000 military personnel were trained (retrained) in 105 military accounting specialties ^[1] .

For the period from 1992 to 1998, the buildings carried out the following scope of work ^[8] :

• About 7,000 km of roads were built (reconstructed), equipped, and put into operation, including 5,200 km of public roads;
• 266 bridges;
• 6,600 culverts;
• more than 104,000,000 cubic meters of subgrade were dumped.

• Decree of the GKO Union of the SSR "On the construction of highways to ensure road communication between industrial and regional centers of the country", June 4, 1945;
• History of road troops., Moscow, Military publishing house, 1995, 432 p .;
• Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 272, dated February 19, 1988, “On the state program for the construction and reconstruction of roads in the Non-Black Earth Zone of the RSFSR”.
• Decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 12 of 1991.
• Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of 08.08.1991 No. 860-r "On the maintenance of military road formations of the Central Road Construction Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, carrying out the construction of on-farm roads in the Non-chernozem zone of the RSFSR."

• Website rusarchives.ru, List of declassified documents of the State Committee of Defense of the USSR (1941-1945).
• Website of A. N. Yakovlev, Report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR addressed to L. P. Beria and G. M. Malenkov “On the Structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR”, 09/01/1949.
• Website rusarchives.ru, Information about the service, assignment of military and special ranks in the bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MVD of the USSR-MVD of the Russian Federation, MGB-KGB of the USSR, MSB-AFB-MB-FSB of Russia.
• GSVG website.
• State Archive of the Khabarovsk Territory.
• Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of 08.08.1991 No. 860-r "On the maintenance of military road formations of the Central Road Construction Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR engaged in the construction of on-farm roads in the Non-Chernozem Zone of the RSFSR"
• Decree of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation of August 10, 1993 No. 766 “Issues of the Federal Road Construction Administration under the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation”
• Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1550 of December 8, 1992. (inaccessible link)
• Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense of Russia)
• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 29, 1995 No. 632.
• Указ Президента России № 726 от 16 июля 1997 года «О Федеральном дорожно-строительном управлении при Федеральной дорожной службе России», Правотека
• Распоряжение Совмина РСФСР от 06.08.1991 года № 860-р «О содержании военно-дорожных формирований Центрального дорожно-строительного управления МО СССР, осуществляющих строительство внутрихозяйственных автомобильных дорог в Нечерноземной зоне РСФСР»
• «Коммерсантъ» № 32 (№ 1435). 25 февраля 1998 года.
• Забытый гарнизон, PRO.ТЮМЕНЬ.
• Политическое образование.
• Указ Президента России № 1066 от 6 октября 1997 года.
• Ю. Смолин, «Войска наступали на бездорожье», «Кировская правда», № 100, 15 августа 2008 года.
• История создания и производственной деятельности отдельных дорожно-строительных бригад ГВСУ МО.
• Сайт oilcareer.ru, Дороги судьбы на нефтяных месторождениях, 27.08.2014 года.
• Сайт dalvostok.su, Глава 7. Военные дорожники: идем на Восток!.
• Сайт zsko.ru, Круглый стол ОЗС по дорожному строительству.