Mumbai Economy

Nariman Point

The metropolitan region of Mumbai ( English ) unites five districts: Mumbai City (or South Mumbai ), the Suburban District of Mumbai , Thana , as well as parts of Raigad and Palghar counties. The area of ​​the region is 4 355 km², the population is 21 million people. Greater Mumbai includes eight municipal corporations: ( Greater Mumbai , Thani , Kalyan — Dombivli , Navi Mumbai , Ulhasnagar , Vasai-Virara , Bhiwandi — Nizampura and Mira-Bhayandara), 15 municipal cities, seven non-municipal city centers and 995 villages ^{[1 ] [9]} .

• Mumbai Suburban District (9.3 million)
• Mumbai City (3.2 million)
• Thane (1.8 million)
• Hookah-Dombivli (1.2 million)
• Vasai Virar (1.2 million)
• Navi Mumbai (1.1 million)
• Bhiwandi (1.1 million)
• Mira Bhayandar (0.8 million)
• Ulhasnagar (0.5 million)

The main business areas of Mumbai are Nariman Point , Bandra Kurla Complex and Equinox Business Park , where the headquarters and representative offices of major Indian and international companies and banks are concentrated. In addition, many business centers and commercial offices are located in the areas of Fort ( Eng. ), Kolaba ( Eng. ), Worley ( Eng. ), Parel ( Eng. ), Andheri ( Eng. ), Powai ( Eng. ), Si -Bi-Di Belapur ( Eng. ), Yours ( Eng. ) And Mahape ( Eng. ).

Numerous film studios are concentrated in Goregaon , in Chakala , Saki-Naka and Malada - industrial enterprises, call centers and offices of business process outsourcing companies. Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone is home to electronics, software and jewelry manufacturers. Mahandra & Mahindra Automobile Plant, Akurli Industrial Estate, Kandivali (Charkop) Industrial Estate, Gundecha Industrial Estate, Balaji Industrial Estate and Jai Bonanza Industrial Estate are located in Kandivili. Versova is a major fishing port in Greater Mumbai.

Peninsula Technopark is located in Kurla , and new residential complexes and shopping centers are located on the site of the former Premier Automobiles and Mukand Iron & Steel plants. The chemical plant, the Bharat Petroleum refinery, the Bhabh Atomic Research Center and the plant are located in Trombey , and the Bharat Sanchar Nigam plant, the country's largest slaughterhouse and largest landfill, are located in Deonar . In Ghatkopar, industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Ghatkopar Industrial Estate (including Godrej Industries detergent plants).

The industrial complex various is located in Povai , Vikhroli IT Park in Vikhroli , Akruti Oneworld Corporate Park, Lodha iThink Campus and DS Business Galleria in Kanjurmarg . BASF , , and CEAT are located in Bhandup , and GlaxoSmithKline , Johnson & Johnson and .

CBS Belapur is home to numerous government organizations and private corporations, including , , and . The International Technology Center houses offices and call centers. In Airoli , the Mindspace Free Economic Zone is located, where enterprises and research centers in the field of information technology and software, iGate Knowledge Park, Reliable Tech Park and the printing complex The Times Group are based . Information Technology Park, Millennium Business Park and Reliance Corporate Park are located in Mahap , International Infotech Park is located in yours , Taloja Industrial Estate and the office of Siemens India are in Kharghar .

The huge slums of Dharavi are the main center for sorting and processing waste metropolis (paper, plastic, metals, wood). In addition, there are about 15 thousand small factories and workshops for the production of pottery, dyeing fabrics, leather dressing, repairing household electrical equipment, mobile phones, bicycles, cars and furniture ^{[10] [11] [12] [13]} .

The Dhobi Ghat quarter in the Mahalakshmi district is famous for its community of male laundresses (about 5 thousand people from 200 families) who wash and iron the linen of hotels, hospitals and private households from all over Mumbai. Dhobi-ghat is considered the largest open-air laundry in the world and attracts many foreign tourists ^{[14] [15]} . Nearby is the popular Mahalakshmi Hippodrome . In the commercial and tourist district of Kolaba, there are military berths and the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research ^[16] , in the Mazagaon district - berths of the old port and shipyards, modern residential complexes, office and shopping centers have been built on the site of old textile and sewing factories in Worley and Parele . Kamathipura is the oldest and largest red light district in Mumbai.

The area of Bhiwandi and Nizampur is the second largest Indian weaving center after the city of Surat in Gujarat . GAIL , Reliance Petrochemicals, , JSW Steel and Welspun Maxsteel are located in the Alibaga area, and Wärtsilä , and in the Khopoli area. In Rasayani, industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Patalganga Industrial Zone. Mahindra & Mahindra , CEAT, and the are located in the Ambarnath area, while in the Shahada area are the enterprises of the textile group Century Rayon ( Birla family ).

, Gharda Chemicals, Deepak Fertilizers and Vicco Labs are located in the Dombivli area. In Thane, industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Wagle Estate industrial zone (including Emerson Electric ). In the Mumbra area, Bharat Gears and Raunak Group are located.

Bombay Governor Gerald Ongir encouraged the relocation of the Parsis from Gujarat, the Marvari from Rajasthan, the Banya caste traders fleeing the Portuguese yoke in Goa, and Arab merchants. After the East India Company lost its trading monopoly (1813), entrepreneurs from both the British Isles and the British colonies reached Bombay. In 1833, David Sessun , a native of the Baghdad Sephardim family, arrived in Bombay and laid the foundation for a powerful commercial empire ^[17] .

In 1853, the first railway opened in the city, in 1865 a telegraph appeared. In the second half of the 19th century, Indian cotton factory production arose in the Bombay area, then mechanical engineering (especially the repair of looms, steam locomotives and steamboats) was developed here, and the development of new lands began. During the colonial period in Bombay, the largest and most powerful group of the Indian bourgeoisie (immigrants from the merchant-usurious castes of the Parsis , Gujaratis , Marwar and Punjabis ) formed ^{[18] [17]} .

This bourgeoisie, which grew up on comprador activities, later formed the leading Indian monopolistic associations - Tata Group ( Tata Gujarati Parsi family), (Mahindra Punjabi Hindu family), Walchand Group (Gujarati Jaina family Hirachand), (Marvari Badzhaj family), (Kirloskar family) and Mafatlal Group (Mafatlal family) ^[19] .

If in the 19th century the textile industry and foreign trade through the local port dominated the economy of Bombay (especially after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869), then between the First and Second World Wars , machine building, metalworking and the chemical industry developed most rapidly ^[20] . In the 1920s, a powerful cascade of hydroelectric power plants was built in the mountains near Bombay by the Tata group. In the 1950s, the Tata group built a heat and power plant in Trombey Island that operated on the waste from two neighboring refineries. In the 1960s, the Koyna hydroelectric station was launched in the southern part of Maharashtra, and the Tarapur nuclear power plant in the northern part of the state, which supplied electricity to the Greater Bombay area as well ^[21] .

By the end of the 1970s, Bombay was the largest port, industrial, financial and commercial center of India. Bombay accounted for more than 50% of the industrial potential of Maharashtra, including 3/4 of the capacity of new types of production, over 50% of the production of passenger cars in India, as well as the main flow of foreign investment in industry and services. Bombay was the country's largest center for the export of cotton fabrics, industrial equipment, plastic products, medicines, perfumes, jewelry and manganese ore. The strip between Bombay and Pune was the main area for the development of chemical, oil refining and engineering enterprises ^[22] .

Bombay business leaders led Indian investment abroad. Private capital has long dominated the economy of Bombay, unlike Delhi and Calcutta , where state corporations dominated. In the late 1970s, about 3/4 of the Maharashtra cotton industry enterprises accounted for Bombay, the Greater Bombay region was the country's leading center for the production of synthetic fibers and fabrics (Tata, Birla and Mafatlal groups dominated here) ^[23] .

The textile industry was followed by the food industry, especially the production of sugar (Walchand group), vegetable oil, margarine. Important industries were the production of soap and perfumery (Tata group), paper, cardboard and matches ^[24] .

In the late 1970s, more than 800 machine-building and metal-working enterprises, both large and medium and small, operated in Big Bombay. They produced automobiles, engines and components (Walchand and Mahindra groups), chemical and oil and gas equipment ( Larsen & Toubro and Matara ), textile, food, agricultural and railway equipment, electric pumps , transformers, batteries, marine vessels and metalworking machines ^[25] .

Chemical companies in Bombay produced tires and tires, washing powder, dyes, sulfuric acid, caustic soda, chemical fibers, pharmaceuticals and plastics. With the development of oil production in Gujarat (1960s) and on the shelf of Maharashtra (1970s), the role of oil refining and petrochemicals in Greater Bombay has sharply increased ^[25] .

By the beginning of the 1980s, the economic geography of Greater Bombay was as follows: trading activity was concentrated in Colaba, a business center was located in Esplanade, the houses of the richest families were located on the Malabar hill, old industrial enterprises crowded in the port area and along the railways in the areas of Vorli and Parel . To the north of Mahim Bay, there were blocks of new buildings and the Santa Cruz Airport, and Bollywood movie studios were concentrated in the Chambur region ^[26] .

Almost a third of the city’s inhabitants lived in the marshes of Salsett Island in the slum and social housing districts. In Trombey there was a nuclear research center, two oil refineries, a petrochemical plant, a mineral fertilizer plant and a power station, in Thane - engineering and chemical enterprises, in Dombival - automobile and chemical enterprises, in Kalyan - plants for the production of chemical fibers, synthetic fabrics and dyes. After the construction of the bridge and the laying of a new port, the rapid development of Navi Mumbai and the south of Alibag (a large chemical and metallurgical zone) began ^[27] .

Following economic liberalization in the early 1990s, Mumbai experienced an economic boom. The mid-1990s saw a boom in the financial sector of the city, and the 2000s saw a boom in information technology, telecommunications, outsourcing, and export-import operations. In addition, important sectors include mechanical engineering (automobiles, tractors, marine vessels and consumer electronics), construction, engineering , real estate, diamond and other gem cutting, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, leather and clothing industry, entertainment industry (including film industry , television and the music business), the production of food, dishes, hygiene products, household chemicals, pencils and furniture.

In the early 1990s, a large-scale program began on the transfer of old textile and clothing enterprises from Mumbai and the construction of residential complexes, offices, hotels and shopping centers in their place. Especially many enterprises were closed in the areas of Vorli , Parel , Mahalakshmi , Dadar , Lalbaug , Tardeo , Prabhadevi , Bikulla , Mahim and Sevri (part of this area previously covered the industrial zone of Girangaon , which at its heyday numbered more than 130 factories).

In the mid-1970s, Big Bombay concentrated 56% of the factory workers of Maharashtra ^[18] . The largest private financial-industrial groups and state corporations of India are based in Mumbai:

Other multidisciplinary conglomerates: , , , , , , , , , , and .

Also, a significant proportion of the employed are government employees of the city hall, state and central government (including employees of the municipal corporation , Mumbai police , fire department , army, tax service, judicial authorities , secondary and higher education, health and culture). A huge number of middle and unskilled workers are self-employed (hawkers, movers, couriers, taxi drivers, pedicabs, mechanics, electricians, plumbers, small artisans, hairdressers, cleaners).

Mumbai is a large naval base of the Indian naval forces ; the headquarters of the Western Naval Command of the Navy and the West Coast Guard Region of India are based here.

Mumbai is the birthplace of a unique food delivery system for office workers - dabbawala (about 5 thousand couriers deliver about 200 thousand thermos and bags of food daily) ^{[28] [29] [30] [31]} .

Every year, tens of thousands of peasants, factory workers and university graduates flock to Mumbai to find work, not only from Maharashtra , but also from Gujarat , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal and other states. In addition, thousands of expats work in Mumbai, who are attracted by rather high salaries ^{[32] [33]} .

Finance

Mumbai is home to the country's oldest and largest Bombay Stock Exchange ^[34] , as well as the National Stock Exchange of India ^[35] , the stock exchanges MCX , OTC and USE , the commodity exchanges NCDEX , NSE and MCX , the Reserve Bank of India ^[36] , the Council on Securities and Exchange Commission of India ^[37] , National Securities Depository and one of the four government mints of India .

Also in the city are the headquarters of the largest banks, financial and insurance companies in India: assets (assets - 376.8 billion dollars, 228 thousand people) ^[38] , (assets - $ 250 billion, 120 thousand people) ^[39] , (assets - $ 124.2 billion, 62 thousand people) ^[40] , (assets - 84 billion dollars, 42 thousand people) ^[41] , (assets - 75 billion dollars, 69 thousand people) ^[42] , (assets - 62.7 billion dollars) , 42 thousand people) ^[43] , (assets - $ 59.4 billion, 15.5 thousand people) ^[44] , (assets - 57.6 billion USD., 32 thousand. people) ^[45] , ( ktivy - 49.5 billion dollars, 37 thousand people).. ^[46] , (assets - $ 43.5 billion, 1.8 thousand people).. ^[47] , (assets - 18.3 billion dollars, 23.5 thousand people) ^[48] , Tata AIG General Insurance , , HDFC ERGO General Insurance , , , SBI Life Insurance , , , , , , , , IndiaFirst Life Insurance , , , , ^[49] , , , Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services and .

In addition, the headquarters of the financial companies , , , , ^[50 are located in Mumbai ^] , ^[51] , and ^[52] , subsidiaries and branches of Indian , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , international HSBC , Standard Chartered JP Morgan Chase , Bank of America , , Wells Fargo , Merrill Lynch , BNP Paribas , The Royal Bank of Scotland , Blackstone Group , , State Street Corporation , and .

In addition to the legal financial system, an informal hawala settlement system is widely represented in Mumbai, through which Indian immigrants from the USA , Canada , Great Britain , the Netherlands , Italy , Australia , New Zealand , Saudi Arabia , the UAE , Qatar , Kuwait , Oman , Bahrain , Malaysia , Singapore , Myanmar , South Africa and Mauritius transfer money to their homeland ^[53] .

Trading

The Indian Chamber of Commerce is based in Mumbai, the country's largest diamond exchange ^[54] , the trading group, which controls (hypermarkets), Central (hypermarkets), Pantaloons and (clothing), trading group, which controls chain stores (supermarkets) and (electronics), trading group, hypermarket and supermarket chains , and , ^[55] consumer electronics and , and jewelry store , a network of clothing stores Globus and , a chain of furniture stores and Welspun Retail , a chain of coffee houses , a chain of restaurants , , , and .

Among the largest shopping centers in Greater Mumbai are Crossroads Mall , Atria Mall, SoBo Central and Palladium Mall ( Worley ), ( Parel ), City Mall ( Andheri ), Oberoi Mall ( Goregaon ), Phoenix Market City ( Kurla ) , Ghatkopar ], Huma Mall ( Kanjurmarg ), mulund ], Bhandup ], and Hypercity Mall ( Malad ), , Raghuleela Mall , Sunrays Shopping Center and V Mall ( Kandivili ), Maxmall and Market Line ( Airoli ), Raghuleela Mall , Center One, Inorbit Mall, Palm Beach Galleria, Citi Center, Satra Plaza and Fantasia ( yours ), Fountain Square, Little World and Glomax ( Kharghar ), Infocity Mall, Sahakar Bhandar and Turning Point ( Nerul ), Bhoomi Mall ( CBC Belapur ), , and Viviana Mall ( Thane ), Hookah ] and Dattani Square ( Wasai ) ^{[56] [57]} .

The largest markets in Mumbai are Chor Bazaar (second-hand goods, antiques and furniture), Crawford Market (fruits, vegetables, spices, cosmetics, clothes and pets), Zawari Bazaar (jewelry, precious stones and metals), Bhuleshwar market (fruits and vegetables), Mangaldas market (silk and other fabrics), Chira Bazaar and Null Bazaar (jewelry), Bhendi Bazaar (antiques, handicrafts and products), Lohar Chaul (electronics and household appliances), Dawa Bazar (medicines, medical instruments and scientific instruments) and the Chemb market ur (vegetables, fruits and clothes). Popular shopping streets are Fashion Street (clothing, fabrics and shoes), Kolaba Cosaway (antiques, jewelry, books, electronics and cosmetics), Lamington Road (computers, communications, and consumer electronics), Linking Road (clothes, shoes and products) and Princess Street (medicines, chemicals and medical equipment) ^[58] .

Yours is located APMC (Agriculture Produce Market Committee) - the largest wholesale market in Asia for vegetables, fruits (including dried fruits), sugar, spices, spices, grains (mainly rice and wheat), fish and meat ^{[59] [60]} . Bikulla has the largest vegetable market in Mumbai and the wholesale wood market of Mustafa Bazaar. In For Bungalos there is a large vegetable and fish market. In the Baiduni-Chowk district, copper and bronze products are sold, in the Phul Galli region - garlands of flowers for temple offerings and wedding ceremonies, on Matton Road - antiques and various antique fakes ^[58] . Despite the rapid development of modern trading formats, there are still a lot of street vendors, cooks, shoe cleaners, hairdressers, and doctors in Mumbai.

Telecommunications and information technology

The largest Indian IT corporation Tata Consultancy Services (305 thousand people) ^[61] , the largest mobile communication operators , , , and are based in Mumbai , , as well as , , , , , , , , Godrej Infotech , Google India , SAP India , Microsoft India , Rolta India , , Geometric , , , , , , , IDBI Intech , , , , , , IBM India , Accenture Services , Barclays Shared Services , Citicorp Service India , Morgan Stanley Solutions India , JP Morgan Services India , Atos India , Credit Suisse Business Analytics India , BNP Paribas India Solutions , Nomura Services India , RBS Business Services , Capgemini India , DHL Logistics , Hapag-Lloyd Global Services , Maersk Global Service Centers India , Capita India , General Mills India , Cognizant Technology Solutions India , Jardine Lloyd Thompson India , Hewitt Associates India , Computer Sciences Corporation India ^[62] .

The main providers of wired and mobile communications, as well as the Internet are , , , , , , and . The largest network service provider is the Mumbai company GTL .

Despite strong competition from Bangalore , Hyderabad and Pune , Mumbai has a strong position in the Indian IT industry. A large number of IT companies are located in specialized clusters: Santacruz Electronics Export Processing Zone in Andheri , Infinity IT Park in Dindoshi , International Infotech Park and Technocity in Navi Mumbai .

Tourism and the entertainment industry

Numerous newspapers and magazines in English , Marathi and Gujarati are published in Mumbai, the largest Indian television channels and radio stations, as well as international media offices, are based here. Every year, Bollywood produces hundreds of films in Hindi and Marathi; Mumbai television studios produce the country's most popular television series and shows. The largest complexes of film and television studios are , , and ^[63] . Gorai has the popular theme park .

The city has the headquarters of the largest media corporations The Times Group ( The Times of India newspaper, cinema, television, radio, Internet and advertising), (television, film and radio), (cinema, music, television, radio and the Internet), (television, cinema and advertising), (cinema, television, animation, the Internet and advertising), ( television), The Walt Disney Company India (film and television), cinema and television, television , television and (TV), with Tay cinemas , INOX the Leisure , , , and , hotel chains and ^[64] .

The state-owned and the are also based in Mumbai. Among the largest hotels in Mumbai, the 63-storey Namaste Hotel (300 m) ^[65] , the 53-storey Oberoi Oasis (239 m) ^[66] , the 52-storey ( ⁶⁷⁾ , the 38-storey stand out Palladium Hotel (155 m) ^[68] , 35-storey Four Seasons Mumbai (146 m) ^[69] , 32-storey Westin Hotel (133 m) ^[70] , 35-storey Oberoi Trident (117 m) ^[71] , The 24-story Taj Mahal Palace & Tower (76 m) ^[72] , the 15-story The Oberoi (70 m) ^[73] , the 21-story Taj President (67 m) ^[74] , as well as the ^[75] , ^76] , Sofitel Mumbai BKC, Taj Lands End, ITC Grand Central, Hilton Mumbai International Airport, The Leela Mumbai, Sahara Star, Courtyard by Marriott Mumbai International Airport, Holiday Inn Mumbai International Airport , Lakeside Chalet, Ramada Navi Mumbai, Sheraton Navi Mumbai, Royal Tulip Navi Mumbai, Fortune Select Exotica, Marine Plaza, The Wate rstones and The Shalimar.

Some tourists (especially business tourists attending exhibitions, seminars and conferences) come to Mumbai, some follow through Mumbai to the cave temples of Ajanta , Ellora , Karla , Bhaji and Bedse . Many tourists vacationing on the beaches of Goa make study tours to Mumbai ^[77] . Among the main attractions of the city popular with tourists are the Gateway of India , the Taj Mahal Hotel , the Shivaji Statue, the Prince of Wales Museum , Chhatrapati Shivaji Station , the meeting room and library of the University of Mumbai , Rajabai Tower , the Supreme Court and the Main Post Office , Flora Fountain , synagogue Knesset Eliyahu , Cathedral of St. Thomas , the building of the municipal corporation of Mumbai (City Hall), Crawford market , church of St. Andrew , the Afghan church , St. Xavier's College , Dr. Bhau Daja Lada museum , library David Sassoon , Chor Bazaar , mosque Jama Masjid , Haji Ali Dargah , temple of Mahalakshmi , Global Vipassana Pagoda , beach Girgaum Chowpatty , Buddhist cave complexes Kanheri , Mahakali and Dzhogeshvari , Hindu caves of Elephanta and Mandapeshvar , Portuguese fort Pool Vaasa ^[78] .

Consulting and legal services

The offices of leading international and national consulting companies , Accenture , McKinsey & Company , Boston Consulting Group , Bain & Company , Ernst & Young , , and law firms , , , and .

Development

The largest private developers in the country are based in Mumbai: , , , , Tata Housing Development , Godrej Properties , , , Hubtown , , and the state-owned company .

In recent years, large business and residential complexes have appeared in Mumbai. Major office centers include the 40-story Ruby Tower, the 40-story Sunshine Tower, the 38-story , the 35-story World Trade Center, and the 32-story Indiabulls Finance Center ^[79] .

The largest residential complexes include two 60-story The Imperial towers, two 53-story towers, three 55-story Orchid Woods towers, 51-story towers and four 45-story Vivarea Towers towers ^{[79 ]} .

Food Processing

Greater Mumbai is an important center for sorting, storing, and processing state-grown sugar cane , peanuts , sesame , red pepper , rice , jovar , bajra , wheat , bananas , mango , papaya , grapes , pomegranates , cashews , and fish processing and milk ^{[80] [81]} .

The largest food companies in the country, are located in Mumbai (tea, coffee, juices, sauces, seasonings, soups, desserts, ice cream, bakery and confectionery products, flour), (chocolate and bakery products, sweets , soft drinks, chewing gum), sugar], soft drinks, juices, drinking water, pastry), drinking , bakery and confectionery), (spices and spices).

Textile and clothing industry

Mumbai is home to large textile companies such as , , Birla Cotsyn , , , , Raymond , Khatau Group , Welspun Syntex and Welspun India . Most of the old textile companies today have interests in other areas of business (real estate, retail, financial services). In addition, due to the high cost of real estate, almost all old textile factories have been moved outside of Mumbai. Despite a significant reduction in textile production in Mumbai itself, the Greater Mumbai area continues to play an important role in cotton processing, manufacturing and dyeing of cotton fabrics.

Engineering

Greater Mumbai is a major manufacturer of automobiles and auto parts, tractors, and household electrical appliances. and Bombay Dockyard are located in the old Mumbai port area. Nearby, in the Parel area, is a factory for the repair of wagons and locomotives.

The headquarters of Tata Motors (66.5 thousand people) ^[82] , the second largest automobile company Mahindra & Mahindra (19.5 thousand people) ^[83] , truck manufacturer, are located in , the automobile company Premier , the largest manufacturer of electronics and electrical equipment (9 thousand people), the largest manufacturer of bearings , manufacturers of energy, electrical and transport equipment , , , and , shipbuilding Yelnia companies and , the aviation company , consumer electronics manufacturers and , a computer manufacturer the Zenith .

Energy and utilities

Mumbai is home to the state-owned , which operates all of India’s nuclear power plants, and the , a transportation and energy group that operates through Greater Mumbai’s energy subsidiaries through its subsidiaries Reliance Energy and ^{. 84]} . Also located in Mumbai are the headquarters of the energy company , which owns the coal-fired power plant in Trombay , the energy company , which owns the coal-fired power plant in Ratnagiri district , the state energy companies Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company (Mahavitaran), (Mahagenco) and (Mahatransco), the municipal energy company , which serves Mumbai City .

Mahagenco operates a gas power plant in Navi Mumbai. Clean water supplies and wastewater treatment are the responsibility of and other municipal metropolitan corporations.

Oil and gas and chemical industry

The largest petrochemical and oil and gas corporation in the country, Reliance Industries (23.5 thousand people) ^[85] , large oil and gas and petrochemical companies Bharat Petroleum (13 thousand people) ^[86] , Hindustan Petroleum (11 thousand people) ^[87 are based in Mumbai ^] , , and , the country's largest producers of paints , and , the largest producer of glue , a major tire manufacturer CEAT , a major supplier of gas , chemical companies (including manufacturers of household chemicals, detergents and personal products g hyenas) , , , Godrej Industries ^[88] , , , , Hindustan Organic Chemicals , Godrej Consumer Products , , , , Procter & Gamble India , Colgate-Palmolive India and Beiersdorf India .

The Mumbai refinery is owned by Bharat Petroleum. The second refinery in Mumbai is owned by Hindustan Petroleum. The most important oil field is Bombay High , developed by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation .

Building and construction materials

The city has the headquarters of the largest Indian construction and engineering companies (54 thousand people) ^[89] , Welspun Corp , , , , , Magoxy Infra and Housing Development and Infrastructure , the largest cement and building materials manufacturers , , , , and .

Metallurgy

In Mumbai, the country's largest aluminum and copper (20 thousand people) ^[90] , the largest steel company Tata Steel (80.5 thousand people) ^[91] , the steel companies Mukand (24 thousand) are based in Mumbai . , 18 thousand], JSW Steel (9.5 thousand people) ^[92] , , and Welspun Maxsteel , zinc producer Binani Industries , rare earth producer Element , gold producer .

Pharmaceuticals

The headquarters of major pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies (14 thousand people) ^[93] , (22 thousand people) and Lupin (15 thousand people), as well as , , , , , , GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals , Zandu , , , Aanjaneya Lifecare , , , Piramal Enterprises , and .

Other industries

In Mumbai, the country's largest producer of plastic packaging and containers , the country's largest manufacturer of plastic furniture and household goods , the largest manufacturer of glass containers Piramal Glass , the largest manufacturer of water purification, air cleaning and security systems are based in Mumbai. , cable manufacturer , the country's largest manufacturer of suitcases and bags . In the Greater Mumbai area, bamboo and teak extracted in the state are sorted and processed, aromatic oils, soap, perfumes and tannins are produced ^[94] .

Large shipping companies based ^[95] , Mercator , and , large airlines Jet Airways , GoAir and Global Vectra Helicorp , are based in Mumbai controlling the non-core assets of Air India ( Air-India Express , hotels and service firms), the operator of roads and bridges , the logistics company .

Mumbai's public transport includes the suburban train system , bus and ferry system , (monorail system), Mumbai subway , private taxi fleets, motor rickshaws and a rickshaw . More than 80% of passenger traffic falls on MSR trains and BEST buses. The system of commuter trains transports more than 2.2 billion passengers a year and is the busiest in the world ^[3] .

In addition to the BEST Bus Service company, famous for its double-decker buses, passenger transportation is carried out by the bus companies , , , Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Transport and Vasai-Virar Municipal Transport . The bulk of traffic falls on routes from railway stations to remote residential areas and from South Mumbai to the suburbs. The largest intercity bus operator is , headquartered in Mumbai.

Mumbai Suburban Railway is part of Indian Railways and has four lines. The Central Line , Harbor Line and Trans-Harbor Line are managed by the Central Railway division, and the Western Line is managed by the Western Railway division (both have headquarters in Mumbai) ^{[96] [97]} . The most important hub stations are Chhatrapati Shivaji Station, Churchgate Station ^[98] , Mumbai Central Station, Andheri Station , Lokmaniya Tilak Terminal, Bandra Terminal , Bandra Station, Kalyan Uzlovaya Station and Thane Station . In the suburban trains of Mumbai, there are cars of different price categories, as well as separate cars for women.

The construction of the first line of the Mumbai metro began in early 2008, the transportation of passengers started in the summer of 2014. The line connected the Versova and Ghatkopar districts . The Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL) line operator is a joint venture of , Veolia Transport, and the ^[99] . The construction of the second and third metro lines, which are also owned by consortia of private and public investors, is currently underway. In addition, the construction of the first line of a separate subway Navi Mumbai (operator - ) is underway.

The construction of the first line of the Mumbai monorail system began in early 2009, the transportation of passengers started in early 2014. The line connected the Chambur region with southern Mumbai. The owner and operator of the line is the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Planning and construction of several more monorail lines is underway ^[100] . (a division of Indian Railways), the operator of the Konkan Railways, is based in Navi Mumbai.

National Highways No. 3 (Mumbai- Agra ), No. 4 (Mumbai- Chennai ), No. 8 (Mumbai- Delhi ) and No. 17 (Mumbai- Kochi ), Mumbai-Vadodara Motorway, Mumbai-Pune Motorway, Mumbai-Mangai Highway Nasik , East Freeway ( Chambur - Thane ), West Freeway ( Bandra - Dahisar ) and Sion - Panvel freeway , as well as Bandra - Worli bridges (5.6 km), Iroli (3.8 km) and Vashi (1.8 km) ) As of 2010, about 100 thousand taxis and about 250 thousand motor rickshaws worked in Greater Mumbai. Until 1964, the Mumbai tram was a popular mode of transport, and the Mumbai trolleybus until 1973, but due to improper operation and competition from electric trains, authorities were forced to close both modes of transport.

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is one of the largest in India (it handles about 32 million passengers and more than 650 thousand tons of cargo). The new terminal, which opened in early 2014, increased airport capacity to 40 million passengers a year. The old Juhu airfield specializes in servicing helicopters and private light-engine aircraft. In the eastern part of Greater Mumbai, the construction of a new Navi Mumbai International Airport is planned.

The Old Mumbai Port, specializing mainly in bulk cargo (petroleum products, chemicals, coal and grain), as well as in containers, is managed by the state-owned company . In addition to cargo berths, the old port has a passenger terminal that accepts cruise liners and ferry berths ^[101] .

The new port named after Jawaharlal Nehru (also known as Nava Sheva ) is the largest port in India and one of the largest container ports in Asia. It processes about 65% of the total volume of Indian container export-import cargo; its cargo turnover in 2011 amounted to 4.27 million TEU ^{[102] [103]} . The port includes three container terminals (Jawaharlal Nehru Port Container Terminal, Nhava Sheva International Container Terminal and Gateway Terminals India) and a bulk terminal of the Bharat Petroleum oil company ^[104] .

The largest employers in healthcare and medicine are the Tata Cancer Memorial Center , Asian Heart Institute , National Burn Center ^[105] , Bombay Hospital , and Pi National Hospital. Di. Hinduja , King Edward Memorial Hospital , St. George 's Hospital, Lilavati Hospital, Sayfi Hospital, Rajavadi Hospital, Cooper Hospital, Sagrada Familia Hospital, Holy Spirit Hospital, Kama Hospital, Nanawati Hospital, Prince Ali Khan Hospital and Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital .

The largest employers in science and education are the University of Mumbai ^[106] , the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ^[107] , the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai ^[108] , the Bhabha Atomic Research Center ^[109] , the Wirmata Jijabay Institute of Technology ^[110] , and the Institute of Chemical Technologies ^[111] , National Institute of Industrial Engineering ^[112] , Institute of Management of Jamnalal Bajaj , Institute of Management and Research of Es. Pi. Jaina ^[113] , SNDT Women's University ^[114] , Vivekanand Institute of Technology of the Educational Society , Thadomal Shahani College of Engineering ^[115] , Government College of Law ^[116] , Sideinham College ^[117] , Grant College of Medicine, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas College of Medicine , National Topival Medical College , National Hospital and Pi Medical Research Center. Di. Hinuja , Lilavati Hospital and Research Center ^[118] and the Sir Jamsetji Jijebhoy School of Art .