A quarterly network is a system of forest blocks created on the lands of a forest fund for the purpose of forest inventory, organization and management of forestry and forest management.
The quarterly network provides accounting for the forest fund, economic activities of leshozes ; helps orientation in the forest; facilitates the conduct of geological , topographic , land surveying. The project of the quarterly network is compiled separately for each forest area on the basis of planning and cartographic forest management materials of the former forest management, aerial photography materials and topographic maps [1] .
When constructing flat forests, a rectangular quarter network is designed with the laying of glades from north to south and from east to west. When arranging mountain forests, a quarterly network is designed taking into account existing or estimated freight flows, with the greatest use of natural demarcation lines. When designing a quarterly network, the following can be used as quarterly lanes: trunk lines of transport, permanently operating logging, forestry and fire roads, fire breaks, power lines and gas pipelines , rivers . Small scattered forest areas isolated from the main massif, steppe pegs are combined into prefabricated quarters [2] .
In the Arkhangelsk region, clearings located from west to east draw forests into strips 2 or 4 km wide. In professional everyday life, these glades are called parallels. From north to south, these bands are cut 2 km wide. Quarter glades cut from north to south alternate with narrower viziers, and the distance between them is about one kilometer. At intersections and at turning angles, quarter and sighting posts were installed. The first glades in the north of Russia were laid, obviously, during a general land surveying at the end of the 18th and throughout the 19th century. They shared the vast territory of the European North in the provinces, counties, forestries, possessions and cottages. Some of these boundary lines are preserved and serve to this day. So, for example, in Shenkursky forestry there is a glade, which is still called “provincial”, which once divided the Arkhangelsk and Vologda provinces. She is one and a half years old. Forest cottages were divided into rectangular quarters during forest management from the end of the XIX and during the XX centuries [3] .
It must be assumed that a large number of workers were hired to work on cutting and clearing the glades: peasants from nearby villages, and later - workers from timber industry enterprises, seasonal workers. Assistant taxis , land managers (in Soviet times, this position was in every forest inventory party ), tenants led this work [3] .
All forest management documents stipulate that if quarterly network projects already exist, then it should be tied to them. It is suggested that almost the entire forest fund of the European part of Russia, plus a part of the forest beyond the Urals , up to about Tyumen , is divided into a milestone quarter network (the width of the quarter is about 1067 meters (1 track verst )). This means that the project and the practical laying of the quarterly network in most of the forest areas of the European part of Russia were completed no later than 1918. It was at this time in Russia that the metric system of measures was adopted for mandatory use, and a mile away gave way to a kilometer [4] .
Content
Forest Quarter
Forest quarter has constant borders and is the main accounting unit of the forest fund. During the forest inventory, each quarter is divided into taxation stands, which are the primary forest accounting units [5] .
Quarter Pillars
In places where quarterly logs exit to the border of the forestry , forest park , forest inventory signs are installed (including boundary quarter pillars). On the lower cheek of the boundary quarter pillar, located perpendicular to the lands on which the forests are located, the inscription ZLF (forest fund lands), or ZOOPT (lands of specially protected natural areas), or ZNP (lands of settlements), or SCA (lands of defense) is made and security). Forms, sizes, installation rules are defined by OST 56-44-80 “Signs, full-scale, forest management and forestry. Types, sizes and general technical requirements. ”
At the intersection of quarterly clearings at the borders of protective, operational and reserve forests, as well as especially protective sections of forests, forest signs can be installed. On the lower cheek, which is perpendicular to one or another category of scaffolds, a particularly protective area of forests, the inscription is made: ЗЛ - protective forests, EL - production forests, RL - reserve forests, RAM - a specially protective area of forests.
When boundary quarter pillars are installed at intersections with traffic logs, they can be assigned in the direction of the diagonal of a forest block located north and west of the intersection of the center lines of the logs to a distance that ensures their good visibility and safety from damage by transport.
When a quarter clearing reaches an impassable treeless terrain, on which it is impossible to establish a boundary quarter pillar at the point of intersection with another clearing, boundary quarter pillars, respectively, are set in places where it reaches an accessible territory before and after inaccessible terrain [6] .
Target Poles
They are installed when the sights exit onto clearings and borders. The top of the sighting column is chamfered by two slopes. The crest of the pillar and the window with the inscriptions are directed along the sight. On the window it is written: in the numerator - the number of the sight in Roman numerals and in the denominator - the number of the quarter. If there is one sight in a quarter, only the quarter number is written on the window of the sighting pole. When cutting several sights in a quarter, they are numbered from west to east. If the sights of neighboring quarters are cut from one point, then two windows from its opposite sides are cut down on a pole [5] .
Signposts
Signposts of the quarter and sight type are installed at the intersection of quarter clearings, borders and sights with highways, railways and dirt roads, at the intersection with forest paths, rafting rivers and lakes. Install them in the course of the measurement, without going over the roadside ditch, trail, river, so that they can be easily seen from the road, trails and boats. Signposts at rivers are set up in such a way that they cannot be demolished by floods or damaged by ice drift.
At the intersection of glaciers (borders, viziers) of large lakes, signposts are placed on both banks. An additional window is cut down on the index column, which indicates the distance from the beginning of the measurement: in the numerator - kilometers, in the denominator - meters.
At the borders of green zones, protective and forbidden stripes along the clearings and viziers, signposts of the quarter and sighting type are installed with an additional window that says “33” (green zone), “ZP” (protective, forbidden strip). This additional window should face the designated forest category.
Boundary utility poles are installed at turning angles of more than 180 ° ± 2 °, if the boundary signs of land management are lost [5] .
Notes
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Forestry. - M .: VNIILM , 2006. - T. 2. - S. 350. - 416 p. - ISBN 5-94737-023-9 .
- ↑ Instructions for forest management in the unified state forest fund of the USSR. Part I. Organization of forest management and field work . bestpravo.com. Date of treatment November 23, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 About clearings and pillars (For a simple worker, put in a word) . Arkhangelsk Regional Public Fund “Forest Museum named after A.F. Zavozhina. " Date of treatment November 23, 2014.
- ↑ Artemyev A. I understand your age-old sadness ... . Russian News Agency (January 09, 2012). Date of treatment November 23, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Nevolin O.A., Tretyakov S.V., Erdyakov S.V., Torkhov S.V. Forest inventory - Study Guide. - Arkhangelsk: Arkhang. state Technical University, 2005 .-- P. 588.
- ↑ Order of the Federal Forestry Agency (Rosleskhoz) of December 12, 2011 N 516 Moscow . Russian newspaper. Date of treatment November 23, 2014.
Links
- Greenpeace Russia Forest Forum. About Russian forest maps . Portal of the forest industry WOOD.RU (10/16/2005). Date of treatment November 23, 2014.
- Quarter pillars. How to read them ... . Date of treatment November 23, 2014. (unavailable link)