Mutiny of the sons of Henry II

After the death of King Stephen of Blois in 1154, according to the Wallingford Treaty , which resulted in the many years of civil war , Henry II of Plantagenet became the new king of England, uniting in his hands enormous possessions not only in England but also in France: Normandy was in his hands, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, as well as the possessions of his wife, Alienor of the Aquitaine - the Duchy of Aquitaine and Gascony.

In 1170, Heinrich became seriously ill. Since he believed that his days were numbered, Henry made a testament about the division of his possessions between his four sons, who were born to him from his marriage to Alienor ^{[K 1]} . According to him, the eldest of the sons, Heinrich , was to become the king, who also had to inherit all the other father's possessions in France (Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine). The next son, Richard , received the hereditary possessions of his mother - Aquitaine and Gascony. The third son, Geoffrey , received Brittany - the inheritance of his bride, Constance of Breton ^{[K 2]} . Only the youngest of the sons, John (John), was deprived: he did not receive any possessions, although he was promised Morten county . July 14, Heinrich the Younger, who later received the nickname "Young King", was anointed and proclaimed king. Wanting to ensure a painless transition of the crown to his son, Henry II made all the barons of the kingdom, including King William I of Scotland and his brother David Huntingdon, swear an oath of allegiance to Henry the Young, with the result that he became the king of England recognized by the nobles ^{[1] [2]} .

However, Henry II recovered. Although Heinrich the Young King was crowned, Jeffrey was recognized as the Duke of Brittany after the death of Conan of Breton in 1171, and Richard was recognized as the Duke of Aquitaine on July 11, 1172 ^[3] , the old king considered all these ceremonies only symbolic, he intended to continue to personally manage his possessions and I did not want to share power with my sons. This situation did not suit Henry the Young. As a result, it was probably in 1170-1172 that an uprising against Henry II began to mature ^[4] .

Beginning of the uprising

At the beginning of 1173, the project of the marriage of John , the youngest of the sons of Henry II, with Alice of Savoy, the daughter and probable heir of Humber III of Savoy appeared . According to the marriage contract, the English king promised to transfer to John the possessions conquered in Ireland, as well as 3 castles in Anjou, which were withdrawn from the possessions promised earlier to Henry the Young. Terms of the agreement were announced at a meeting of the royal court in Limoges . Heinrich the Younger, who by the time was 18 years old, flatly refused to give his brother a part of his inheritance ^{[5] [6]} .

According to the chronicler Wilhelm of Newburgh , some people whispered to Heinrich the Younger that he had the right not only to be co-ruler, but also to one-man rule, since the coronation was supposed to put an end to the rule of his father. As a result, as Robert from Torigny writes, “on the advice of the French king ^{[K 3]} and on the advice of the counts and barons of England and Normandy, who hated his father,” Henry the Young demanded that his father finally give him the promised was considered for several years, so that he could manage them independently. In addition, Henry the Young was dissatisfied with the fact that his father took several knights from him, because he believed that they had a bad influence on the heir. Reconcile father and son did not succeed ^{[5] [6]} .

The soul of the conspiracy that arose against Henry II was his wife, Alienor of Aquitaine. Relations between spouses have long gone wrong, and over the years the gap has deepened. Although Count Raimund V of Toulouse , who had just taken a vassal oath to Henry II ^{[K 4]} , warned his overlord that his wife and sons were “plotting against him”, the English king clearly underestimated his discontent with his relatives. He decided to focus on his eldest son ^[9] .

On February 28, the council in Limoges was dissolved, and Henry II, capturing his son, moved to Normandy. At the same time, Alienora and Richard remained in Aquitaine, as the king clearly did not fear them. On March 5, Henry II reached Chinon , where the night of Henry the Young, along with several of his people, was able to escape from his father. On March 8, he arrived in the possession of the French king and met him in Chartres ^{[6] [9]} .

Wilhelm of Newburgh reports that the king of France took an unambiguous position: in his eyes the king of England was his son-in-law, Heinrich the Young. In addition, several vassals gathered at the court of Louis VII (the counts Philip of Flanders , Mathieu of Boulogne and Thibault V of Bluass ), who promised to support his son’s claims against his father. In response, Henry the Young promised not to conclude peace with his father without the consent of the allies. Alienora of Aquitaine took the side of her son, and under her influence on his side were two brothers - Richard, Duke of Aquitaine, and Geoffroy (Geoffrey), Duke of Breton. Richard, on the advice of his mother, went to Paris, where King Louis knighted him and recognized him as the legitimate duke of Aquitaine. Since Heinrich also brought homage to Louis VII as duke of Normandy, the French king considered himself to be the overlord of the rebellious princes ^{[6] [10]} .

Normandy and Brittany

Initially, Henry II did not attach much importance to the escape of his son. He was in Rouen , where, according to Ralph of Ditseto , he was hunting. But after the knights began to leave him, he realized the seriousness of the uprising. In the second half of June, he probably left for a short while in England, where he consulted with the Chief Justice Officer Richard de Lucy ^[11] .

At the end of June, the army of Philip of Flanders invaded Normandy, besieging , whose ruler, William the Fat , was not a zealous supporter of Henry II and chose to surrender. A week later, Philip and his brother, Mathieu of Boulogne, were joined by Heinrich the Young and the brothers. Their army laid siege to the castle Drinkur in Neofshatele. The siege lasted two weeks, during which Mathieu Boulogne was seriously wounded and died shortly after the capture of the castle. After that, the Count of Flanders returned to his domain. At the same time, the king of France besieged Verneuil ^[11] .

The uprising was supported not only by the Norman barons, but also by the English. The first were Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester , son of the late Justiciar Henry II, and King’s chamberlain Guillaume II de Tancarville , who asked for help from the Justiciar, but arrived in Normandy immediately went to Henry the Young. Learning about what had happened, Henry II ordered the confiscation of the possessions of apostates, their property to be sold off, and also to impose fines on their people ^[12] .

In July, Henry II was taken to Brittany. Having collected local barons, the king demanded an oath of allegiance from them in order to protect themselves from their treason. But refused to come Raul Fuzersky , who began to restore the castle, previously hidden by order of Henry II. Hugo, who at that time made a pilgrimage to the monastery of St. John at Compostella , on the way back joined the rebellious Breton Baron Raoul of Foujères . Using his influence in the north-eastern Breton stamps , Hugo began to incite the Bretons to revolt. They were also joined by Asclef Saint-Hilaire, one of the former knights of the Young King, who was expelled by order of Henry II. Against the rebels, the English king sent Brabant mercenaries to devastate the possessions of Raoul Fuzersky. Henry II managed to disperse the army of the rebels, but not to destroy - Raul Fuzersky and his allies were able to elude the royal troops ^{[12] [13] [14]} .

After this, Henry II went to Normandy, where the army of the French king Louis VII was besieging Verneuil , learning that the inhabitants of the city promised to surrender him if they did not receive help from the English king by 9 August. To counter the threat, Henry II, besides the British and Normans, hired more than 10 thousand mercenaries. On August 6, he was at Konshe, and on August 8 he moved to the half-way to Verneuil Bratheu Castle, which belonged to Count Lester. Upon learning of the approach of the English king, the owner of the castle left the fortress and fled to the Count of Flanders ^[12] .

When the army of Henry II lined up for a battle with the French, messengers from the French king arrived to him, proposing to conclude a truce the next day and then begin peace talks. The English king agreed to meet with Louis VII and returned to Breteuil the next day, but Louis did not go after him: he waited until the end of the truce, set fire to the town, plundered the city, capturing its inhabitants, and then snuffed it out. Henry II went after him; although his soldiers managed to capture or kill some French, the main army was gone. Returning to Vera, the English king ordered to restore its walls, the next day he captured the castle of Damville located not far from Breteuil, after which he returned with the army to Rouen ^[12] .

Taking advantage of the fact that Henry II was busy in Normandy, Raoul Fuzersky, who bribed the managers of the Komburg and Dole castles, began using them as a base, ruining the neighborhood. Learning about the new outbreak of the uprising in Brittany, Henry II in August, again sent against the rebels Brabant mercenaries. They managed to defeat the Bretons, and Raoul Fuzersky and Hugo of Chester with sixty knights took refuge in the castle of Dohl, who was besieged on August 20. On August 23, Henry II personally arrived at the castle to lead the siege. As a result, on August 26, the rebels were forced to surrender under the promise of saving life. Henry II treated them rather gently. Hugo was sent to prison in Falaise, Raoul Fuzersky left the king hostage to two sons, but soon escaped, for which the king ordered to raid the castles of Raoul and destroy his possessions. The uprising in Brittany was ended ^{[12] [13] [14]} .

After this, the rebellion in Brittany was crushed; On September 8, Henry II arrived in Le Mans , and a week later returned to Normandy, where the ambassadors of Louis VII arrived to him, who again asked to meet to discuss the conditions of peace. The meeting of the two kings took place on September 25 in Gisore . As part of the retinue of the French king were three sons of Henry II - Henry the Young, Richard and Jeffrey. English password made considerable efforts to win the rebellious sons to his side: Heinrich was promised half of the British incomes and 4 locks, and in case he decides to live in Normandy, half the revenues of the duchy and 3 locks; Richard was promised half the income of Aquitaine and 4 locks; Jeffrey, who was already 15 years old, was promised Brittany, if he could get papal permission to marry Constance, the heiress of the duchy. However, he kept the land management and real power in them, which did not suit the princes, who rejected the terms of the agreement ^[12] .

At the same time, Henry II realized that one of the inspirations of the rebellion was his wife. He demanded of her to return to her husband, but she refused, trying to raise a revolt in their possessions, she was supported by many seniors of Poitou and Angoumois. In November 1173, Heinrich spoke with an army of mercenaries against his wife. Alienora attempted to flee to the king of France, but she was captured and sent to her husband, who placed her under guard ^[15] .

England

When in England they learned about the treason of the Earl of Leicester, the Chief Justiciar, Richard de Lucy, gathered the army and laid siege to Leicester on July 3, 1173. The siege of the city continued unsuccessfully until July 28, until the city was set on fire, after which its inhabitants were forced to surrender. To compensate for the costs of the war, the lawyer imposed a duty on the royal lands, eventually collecting about 2.5 thousand pounds ^[12] .

At the end of the summer, Scottish King William I of Leo invaded Northumberland. It is not precisely established whether this was due to the revolt of the sons of Henry II, it is possible that Wilhelm simply decided to take advantage of the situation, capturing part of England for himself. The bishop of Durham, , who did not particularly like the English king, allowed the army of the Scottish king to freely pass through his possessions ^{[K 5]} . Reaching Yorkshire , the Scots began to devastate him. To eliminate the threat of the justiciar Richard de Lucy and the constable of England Humphrey de Bogun . Learning of the approach of the British, William retreated, he was pursued to Lothian . The English army burned Berik and devastated his neighborhood, which the Scottish king asked for a truce, which the commanders of the British army accepted because they learned about the invasion of East Anglia ^[12] .

The invaders were commanded by Robert, earl of Leicester, who was accompanied by his wife and a number of French and Norman knights; also in Flanders, with the help of Count Philip, he recruited Flemish and Dutch fliers. September 26, his army landed on the coast of England in Oroule ( Suffolk ). In the castle of Framlinge , Hugo Bigot, Count of Norfolk , joined him and also gathered Flemish mercenaries to defend his possessions. On October 13, they laid siege to , 4 days later he was captured and burned, and 30 knights who defended him were captured for ransom. However, further on the road to Bury St Edmunds was blocked by the army of the king’s supporters, as a result the rebels were forced to return to Framlingham ^{[12] [17]} .

In Framlingeme between quarrels of Leicester and Norfolk and, probably, their wives, there was a quarrel. The stay of the count and Countess of Leicester in the castle, according to the chronicler Ralph of Ditseto , turned out to be burdensome for the count and Countess of Norfolk. Earl Norfolk, who was the complete master in East Anglia , was satisfied with the current situation, although he wanted to see "the good old days of King Stephen ." As a result, the Earl of Leicester and his wife decided to go to the castle of Leicester to save the knights besieged there ^{[12] [17]} .

Towards Earl Lester, an army under the command of Humphrey de Bohun came to Bury St Edmunds of Lothian, and the Counts Reginald of Cornul (uncle Henry II), William Gloucester and William Arundel joined him. To circumvent their army, Earl of Leicester turned north, but supporters of the king came forward after them ^{[12] [17]} .

On October 17, the armies met near Fornema St. Genevieve (a few miles north of Bury Saint Edmunds). Bohun’s army initially numbered 300 men, but warriors and peasants from East Anglia joined them. As a result of the ensuing battle, the Flemish mercenaries of Leicester were defeated and then killed by the local population, and Count Leicester, his wife and their knights were captured. Countess Petronilla tried to escape, but fell into a ditch and nearly drowned, losing her rings. Earl Leicester and his wife were sent to Falaise, where Earl Chester was already kept ^{[12] [17]} .

Then Humphrey de Bohun opposed the Earl of Norfolk, deploying his army in Bury St Edmunds, Ipswich and Colchester. He had so many mercenaries that he did not dare to attack the direct constable, he planned to lock them up in the castle in order to take him out of business. However, the Earl of Norfolk managed to slip out of the trap: he bribed several English barons, having achieved an armistice, according to the terms of his mercenaries, passed through Essex and Kent to Dover , where they were given ships to sail to Flanders ^[12] .

The news of the defeat of the Earl of Leicester in England hurt Louis VII and the rebellious princes. Taking advantage of the fact that his opponents were confused, Henry II went to Touraine on 11 November with the Brabant mercenaries, where he suppressed the uprising. After that, he went to Normandy, where he met Christmas at Cana ^[12] .

Invasion of the King of Scotland and Count of Flanders

In mid-January, a truce with the king of Scotland expired. Bishop Durham Hugo took the initiative and agreed to extend it, promising 300 marks, which he intended to segregate from the incomes of the Northumberland barons. He also fortified the castle in Durham and built a new castle Nortallerton . The truce was also used by Roger de Mowbray , one of the powerful barons in Northern England, who had many possessions in Yorkshire, Warwickshire and Leicestershire. He began to strengthen his castles at and at Yorkshire, sending an additional garrison there; they blocked the way not only to the Scots from the north, but also to the British from the south, and also provided a potential link between the Scots and the rebel English in Central England. He also built on a small on the Trent River in Lincolnshire . Although neither the bishop nor Mowbray openly concluded any treaties with the Scottish king, they clearly pursued their own interests ^{[16] [18]} .

After the end of the truce, Wilhelm I Lev demanded the 300 marks promised to him; not having received them, he again in April invaded Norumberland, and he sent his brother David, Count Huntingdon , to Leicester, whose inhabitants he called upon to join him. He himself laid siege to the , defended by , but soon realized that it would not be easy to take the castle and lifted the siege. Then he laid siege to , however, he was also seriously fortified. Leaving part of the army to keep the siege, William went to Westmoreland , where he captured the castles of and Bro , which had a small garrison. Then the king of Scotland returned to Northumberland, where Warkuert was captured, after which the Okoro Carlisle reappeared. At this time, the defenders were already suffering from hunger, so the commander of the garrison, Robert Vos, asked for a truce, promising that if Henry II did not send aid to Mihailov’s day , surrender the city. Wilhelm gave a truce, took hostages and moved on. He did not dare to besiege a very well fortified Newcastle-upon-Tyne , besieging another castle, the Prado , 11 miles up the Secret . Castellan of the castle, , learning about the approach of the Scots, rode to York, where he informed the sheriff of Yorkshire, Robert de Statville, of the threat. Robert immediately assembled the militia and moved toward the Prado. Upon learning of the approaching army, the Scottish king lifted the siege and retreated to the north. Deciding that he had sufficiently turned away from the English, he laid siege to Alnic Castle , whose garrison was insignificant, sending most of his people to ruin the neighborhood. It was probably in early July ^{[16] [19]} .

At the same time, , the illegitimate son of Henry II, who had been since 1171, decided to take action against Roger de Mowbray. When he joined the Scottish king, leaving the castle of Kinnardferry under the control of his youngest son Robert, Bishop Jeffrey gathered an army and laid siege to the castle on May 5. Robert tried to run, but he was caught. The castle was captured and the bishop ordered him to hide. Next, Jeffrey moved to York, offering assistance to the archbishop of York . Combining their forces, they besieged Kirkby Milzerd, another castle of Mowbray, which was captured a few days later. The castle was handed over to the archbishop, and Bishop of Lincoln also strengthened Castle, located near Thirsk Castle, which remained in the hands of Mowbray, which ensured the protection of the road to the north ^{[16] [18]} .

Another base of the rebels remained Leicester. Although the city itself was burned in 1173, the castle continued to hold the garrison, which was ruled by Constable Asketil Mallory and William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby . On May 19, 1174, Mallory, led by knights from Leicester, made a sortie to Northampton , where they defeated the sheriff of Northamptonshire. With captured prisoners, Mallory returned to Leicester. A month later, Robert de Ferrers made a new sortie and captured the castle of Nottingham . The city was looted and burned, after which Robert, with loot and prisoners, returned to Leicester. Now, Mallory and Ferrers actually controlled Central England from Leicester, while England’s justiciar Richard de Lucy could do nothing with them. But around June 24, he moved to , where David, the brother of William I of Scotland, was located. In order to complicate the lives of the besiegers, David undertook a raid and burned the city, but the Justice Officer ordered to build a wooden tower in front of the castle gates, thus locking the garrison, and then went to London, where riots broke out ^[16] .

Henry II at that time continued to remain in France, traveling through his possessions. During the celebration of the Trinity, he was in Poitiers, where he learned that his son Richard seized Saint , after which he and his people fought off the city. On Ivanov's Day, he decided to convene the Norman barons and bishops in Bonneville ^[16] .

During Easter, the king of France held a council in which the Count of Flanders, Phillip, vowed that he would invade England and conquer it for the Young King. Some French nobles, including Count Thibault V de Blois , vowed to accompany Philip, others promised to invade Normandy and capture Rouen. Henry II quickly became aware of these plans, and he attended to the defense of Normandy ^[16] .

The invasion of England began on May 15, when a detachment of 318 Flemish knights landed at the mouth . On June 19, the truce expired, which the count of Norfolk concluded, so he placed the count of Flanders and his people in the castles of and Framlingham . On June 18, Earl of Norfolk with the Flemings moved to the fortified , which they were able to capture quite easily, taking rich booty from there ^[16] .

Suppression of rebellion

Justiciar Richard de Lacy constantly sent messengers to Henry II to report on what was happening; receiving no reply, he sent a newly elected bishop of Winchester, to Normandy, who arrived in Bonneville on June 24 ^{[K 6]} . Although the king received alarming news, he continued to remain in Normandy, continuing to distribute instructions to his baron. He began to act only around July 6, when news reached him that the Young King and Count of Flanders were with a large army in Gravelin , waiting for a fair wind ^[16] .

On the morning of July 8, he sailed from Barfleur, along with him were the young son John, his wife Alienor, who had been under strict supervision for a long time, the wife of the Young King and three princesses engaged to his other sons, as well as the captives who were previously kept in Falaise , from which he did not order not to remove the chains. Brabant mercenaries also sailed from Oistream to England. Although the wind was heading, the king ordered the sails raised. In the evening, the ships reached Portsmouth . The queen was sent to Salisbury by his order, the princesses to , the most dangerous of the captives to Porchester , the less dangerous ones to Winchester ^[16] .

Since Henry II was convinced that the rebellion was a punishment for the death of St. Thomas Becket , the Archbishop of Canterbury, with which he contributed, on July 12 he went to Canterbury , where he lay before Becket’s grave, and the Bishop of London, on behalf of the king, said that he did not order kill the archbishop. The bishops absolved him of sins, and on July 13 he returned to London ^[16] .

On the same morning, July 13, the Yorkshire army, which Odedel de Umfraville assembled, decided to march out of the Prado, where they approached after the retreat of Wilhelm I of Scotland, in pursuit of the Scots, despite the fact that they had only 400 horsemen, and Wilhelm is rumored to have over 800 fighters. Until the evening, they covered 24 miles, and then fog fell on them. Despite him, they continued on their way and suddenly saw Alnick, under whose walls King William and about 60 knights staged a tournament, unaware of the British. The king of the horsemen who appeared at first was taken for his own; only when they unfurled the banners did the Scots realize who was in front of them. After a brief , William was killed by a horse, who crushed him, and he surrendered to . The captive king was sent to Richmond, Roger de Mowbray fled to Scotland, the Scots, who learned about the incident, also went for Tweed. As a result, the rebellion in the north almost died away ^{[16] [19] [18]} .

Since the battle with the Scots took place at the moment when Henry II committed penance in Canterbury, he believed that he owed this miracle to St. Thomas Becket, whom he considered his patron from that moment ^{on [16]} .

After Heinrich found out about the victory at Alnick, he went to the besieged Hundingdon. His son, Jeffrey, who brought with him 700 knights, hurried to help him. On this occasion, the king said that Jeffrey was "the most faithful and legitimate son." The king personally led the Ostade and on July 21 the besieged in Handingdon surrendered. He then went to East Anglia, where Hugo Bigo, Count Norfolk, who had 500 knights and Flemish mercenaries under his command, became entrenched. His army arrived at on the , where he began to prepare for the siege of the castles of Count Norfolk. However, the defeat of the Scottish king greatly weakened in Bigo desire to fight the king, so he sent Henry II a proposal for peace. The conditions put forward by the king were rather mild; the poet on July 25, the Earl of Norfolk surrendered, again brought omazh to the king, returned all the captives to him and paid the headquarters of a thousand marks. Фламандские наёмники были отпущены после клятвы не возвращаться в Англию. А рыцарям Молодого короля было позволено вернуться во Францию ^[16] .

31 июля Генрих II в Нортгемптоне провёл королевский совет, на котором собрались решить судьбу некоторых мятежников. Шотландского короля оставили в заключении. Епископа Дарема, который хотя и не присоединился к мятежникам, но при этом не предпринял никаких усилий для помощи королю, было велено отдать замки Дарем и Норталлертон. Мятежные бароны также отделались достаточно легко: Роджер де Моубрей, который вернулся из Шотландии, отдал замок Тиск, свои замки отдал и Роберт де Феррерс, а Аншетиль де Мэллори сдал Лестер ^[16] .

За время отсутствия Генриха II в Нормандии Молодой король и граф Фландрии, которые поняв о том, что их вторжение в Англию проваливается, присоединились к Людовику VII Французского и 22 июля осадили Руан. 8 августа английский король отплыл из Портсмута в Нормандию, взяв с собой брабантских наёмников и тысячу валлийцев. Также он не рискнул оставлять пленников, в числе которых были шотландский король и графы Честера и Лестера. Прибыв в Барфлёр, он выступил к Руану, где 10 августа французский король объявил перемирие. Жители города согласились и устроили праздник, а находившиеся в городе рыцари даже устроили турнир. Граф Фландрии, видя это, предложил Людовику VII воспользоваться празднованием и незаметно одолеть городом. Французский король сначала отказался, не желая нарушать перемирие, но его убедили, после чего французы стали готовиться к штурму ^[16] .

Подозрительное поведение врагов случайно заметили несколько священников, которые забрались на королокольню полюбоваться окрестностями, и стали бить в колокол. Рыцари, услышав его, бросились в город и успели захлопнуть ворота, прежде чем до них добрались французы, после чего сбросили со стен тех, кто успел залезть по лестницам. На следующий день к Руану подошла армия Генриха II. Утром 12 августа валлийцы напали в лесу на французский обоз с едой и вином и захватили его; телеги были разбиты, а вино вылито. Англичане в это время засыпали вырытый французами ров, чтобы можно было добраться до их лагеря. Увидев английскую армию, Людовик VII приказал сжечь все осадные машины, а рыцарям готовиться к бою. В завязавшейся схватке некоторые французские рыцари попали в плен, некоторые были ранены. В числе получивших тяжёлую рану был и брат французского короля, Пьер I де Куртене ^[16] .

Утром 13 августа Людовик VII отправил предложение о перемирии, обещая, что если ему будет дозволено отвести войска, то он на следующий день лично явится к Генриху II. Английский король согласился, французам дали пройти и разбить шатры, однако под покровом ночи они бежали во Францию. Позже удалось договориться о мирных переговорах 8 сентября в Жизоре, но они окончились безрезультатно, удалось договориться только о продлении перемирия до Михайлова дня ^[16] .

Пока шли переговоры, Ричард, второй сын Генриха II, воевал в Пуату, захватывая отцовские замки, желая получить реальную власть в Аквитании. Узнав об этом, английский король обязал французского во время действия перемирия не оказывать никакой помощи самому, а также препятствовать оказанию помощи Молодым королём. Когда Генрих II повёл наёмников в Пуату, и противостоять этой армии Ричард не мог. Не рискуя вступать в битву, он постоянно перемещался. Но после того как Ричард узнал об условиях перемирия с Людовиком VII, он явился к отцу, моля его о прощении, после чего война в Пуату была закончена. Также король посоветовал сыну отправиться к старшему брату и французскому королю, чтобы сообщить о том, что он больше не участвует в мятеже ^[16] .

29 сентябтя в (между Туром и Амбуазом ) состоялась встреча Генриха II и его мятежных сыновей, на которой были согласованы условия мира. По ним было решено, что Генрих, Ричард и Джеффри «возвращаются к своему отцу и будут служить ему, как к своему господину, свободные от всех клятв и договорённостей, которые они дали друг другу или иным людям, против него или его людей». Все враги получали прощение, хотя в их число не попали король Шотландии, графы Лестер и Честер, Ральф де Фужер и их заложники. В ответ Генрих II обещал сыновьям владения и обещал, что они будут править в них самостоятельно. Генрих получал два нормандских замка по своему выбору и доход в 3750 фунтов в год, Ричард — два замка в Пуату и половину доходов от Пуату, Джеффри — половина доходов Констанции Бретонской, а после свадьбы — все доходы. При этом Молодой король согласился с долей, которую по решению отца должен был получить младший из братьев, Джон, причём эта доля составляла уже не 3 замка, которые были обещаны ранее, а больше — 2 замка в Нормандии и 250 фунтов доходов от герцогства, замок в Анжу и 250 фунтов из доходов от графства, по замку в Турени и Мэне; кроме того, ему были обещаны тысяча фунтов в год из доходов от королевских замков Ноттингем и Мальборо. Ричард и Джеффри принесли оммаж отцу, а у Генриха он оммаж принимать не стал, ибо тот уже считался королём ^[16] .

Король Шотландии Вильгельм I, который находился в заключении в Фалезе, в начале декабря по совету своих людей, которым дозволялось его посещать, признал над собой власть Генриха II. По итогам Фалезского договора , он признавал себя вассалом короля Англии, а также передавал ему замки , Берик, Джедбург , Эдинбург и Стерлинг . Договор ратифицировали 8 декабря в Валонье, 11 декабря шотландский король передал английскому заложников, включая своего брата Дэвида, после чего получил свободу. После этого были отпущены и графы Лестер и Честер, которым были возвращены их владения ^[16] .

Решение сыновей Генриха II о примирении с отцом было вынужденным ^[20] . Генрих Молодой король в 1182 году вновь бросил вызов отцу, бежав ко двору нового французского короля Филиппа II Августа . Он умер в 11 июня 1183 года, так и не став реальным королём ^[21] . Его брат Джеффри умер в 1186 году ^[22] . Алиенора Аквитанская пробыла в заключении до смерти мужа в 1189 года, когда ставший королём Ричард, старший из оставшихся в живых сыновей Генриха II, велел её освободить ^[23] .

Comments

Sources

• Florey J. Alienora Aquitaine. The unruly queen / Trans. from French I. A. Egipti. - SPb. : Eurasia, 2012. - 432 p. - 3000 copies - ISBN 978-5-91852-018-5 .
• Appleby John T. Dynasty Plantagenet. Henry II. The greatest monarch of the era of the Crusades / Trans. from English E. V. Lamanova. - M .: Centropolygraph, 2014. - 413 p. - 3000 copies - ISBN 978-5-9524-5133-9 .