Drevlyane - East Slavic tribe that lived in Ukrainian Polesie (in the main way in the Zhytomyr and in the west of the Kiev region).
From the east, their lands were limited by the Dnieper , and from the north by the Pripyat River , beyond which lived the Dregovichi . I.P. Rusanova suggested that the Drevlyans belonged to the right bank of Pripyat, beyond which the original lands of the chronicle Dregovich began. EI Timofeev and VV Sedov pointed to a wide strip of Pripyat swamps, south of the main river bed, as a natural barrier between these tribal associations. Finally became part of Kievan Rus under Olga in 946 .
Origin
The area of residence of Drevlyans corresponds to the area of Luka-Raikovets culture .
The name of the Drevlyans , according to the chronicler, was given to them because they lived in the forests .
Some historians, relying on the annals, talk about the relationship between the drevlyans, along with the Dregovichi , Polyans (Dnieper) , and the Krivichi ( Polocians ), with the tribes of White Croats , Serbs and Horutans , who came in the VI – VII centuries [1] , who settled in the Dnieper [ 2] [3] .
In a letter to Svyatoslav, the Byzantine emperor John Tzimiskes reminded of the fate of Prince Igor, calling him Inger. In the presentation of Leo the Deacon, the emperor reported that Igor went on a campaign against some Germans, was captured by them, tied to the tops of trees and torn in two. [four]
V. V. Sedov [5] united Volyn, Drevlyan, Polyan and Dregovich in the so-called. "Duleb group", which represented the southwestern branch of the Eastern Slavs. A similar point of view was held by I. P. Rusanova [6] , G. N. Matyushin [7] , and also V. V. Boguslavsky and E. I. Kuksina [8] . A similar name for other specialists was the “Duleb tribal union”.
Anthropology
Drevlyans were characterized by a broad-faced and mesokephalic type, as well as the previous population [9] [10] .
Independence Period
Before submission to Kiev, the Drevlyans had a developed tribal early state organization [11] . According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the Drevlyans had their reign.
The chronicle also mentions Prince Mala and "the best men who ruled the Village Land." Describing the morals of the Drevlyans, the chronicler exposes them, in contrast to their contemporaries, the glade, wild people: "The Drevliv live in a zvirinsky way, live like a beast: kill each other, all the poison is unclean, and they have no marriage, but have fun at the water of the girl".
However, this characteristic could be caused by the views of the Christian chronicler on the customs of the pagan period [12] .
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten , later the center, apparently, shifted to the city of Ovruch .
Archaeological data
For the first time, the area of resettlement of Drevlyans based on burial materials was undertaken by V. B. Antonovich in the second half of the 19th century. Considering specifically Drevlyansk burials in soil grave pits, he determined the zone of their settlement from the middle course of Sluchae in the west to the Middle Dnieper in the east [13] .
In the process of further archaeological study of Drevlyans, these data were corrected and the most detailed archaeological map of the Drevlyansky land was compiled in 1982 by V.V. Sedov. In addition to pit inhumations, he distinguished mounds with inhumations at the level of the horizon with ash layers in the embankment above the burial (ritual traces of remnants of cremation or funeral trice) among characteristic Drevlyan burials [14] .
In addition, burial mounds are also known, with the burial of the burnt remains of the deceased in a clay urn in an embankment in the upper part of the mound or at its base.
In the Drevlyansk land, 24 cape settlements are known (21 simple and 3 complex), on 14 of them there are cultural layers of the end of the first millennium. e. (IX - X centuries): Korosten III and IV, Ivankov, Malin on the Irshe river, Marenin on the Sluch river, Nesolon, Novograd-Volynsky (South), Olevsk on the Ubort river, Pilipovichi, Raiki, Fruzinovka, Ancient settlement on the Tserem river, Gulsk, Novograd-Volynsky (Northern) [15] .
The largest political center of the Drevlyansk land was Iskorosten (Korosten). On the territory of modern Korosten there are 4 ancient settlements of the VIII-XIII centuries. Three small (with an area of up to 0.5 ha each) occupy the high granite outcrops of the right bank of the river. Oh; the fourth (an area of 9 hectares) is located on the left bank of the river. Oh. In the immediate vicinity of the hillforts, 6 burial mounds were discovered (more than 300 embankments).
The rite of burial is corpse burning, corpse position at the horizon level and corpse position in pits [15] .
Submission to Kiev
According to the Tale of Bygone Years, the meadow was for a certain time in a subordinate position among the Drevlyans: “Bysha are offended by the Derevlyans and injected devious” but already Oleg ( 882–912 ) first paid tribute to the Drevlyans. Among the tribes subordinate to Oleg and participating in his campaign against the Greeks , are mentioned the drevlians; but they did not submit without stubborn struggle.
Upon the death of Oleg, they made an attempt to free themselves; Prince Igor defeated them and imposed an even greater tribute on them.
When Kiev prince Igor tried to collect a second tribute from the Drevlyans ( 945 ), they were indignant and killed him . According to the testimony of the Byzantine historian Leo Deacon, Igor "was captured by them, tied to tree trunks and torn in two." Prince Drevlyan Mal made an attempt to marry the widow of Igor, Princess Olga , but she, driven by a sense of revenge, tricked the Drevlyan embassy into being, buried alive in the ground . In the Polish chronicle of Jan Dlugosz, however, another name for the Drevlyansky prince is mentioned - Niskin. After that, Olga, together with her young son Igor Svyatoslav, went to war against the Drevlyans and defeated them. Igor’s widow, Olga, attributes the chronicles to the final submission of the drevlyans.
Svyatoslav Igorevich planted ( 970 - 977 ) in the Drevlyansk land his son Oleg . Vladimir the Holy ( c. 960 - 1015 ), distributing parishes to his sons, planted ( c. 990 - 1015 ) in the Drevlyansk land Svyatoslav , who was killed ( 1015 ) by the Svyatopolk the Cursed . Since the time of Yaroslav the Wise ( 1016 - 1054 ) Drevlyanskaya land has been part of the Principality of Kiev . The last mentions of the Drevlyansk land in the Ipatiev Chronicle date back to 1136 [16] and 1158. [17]
Notes
- ↑ Belarusians // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Solovyov S. M. , History of Russia from Ancient Times.
- ↑ LAVRENTIEV LIST
- ↑ Leo the Deacon, “History,” pr. 6.10
- ↑ Sedov Valentin Vasilievich. Slavs: Historical and archaeological research .. - Moscow: Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. - (Studia Historica). - ISBN 5-94457-065-2 .
- ↑ Rusanova Irina Petrovna. Slavic antiquities of VI-VII centuries .. - Moscow: Science, 1976.
- ↑ Matyushin Gerald Nikolaevich. Archaeological Dictionary. - Moscow: Education, 1996. - ISBN 5-09-004958-0 .
- ↑ Boguslavsky Vladimir Volfovich, Kuksina Elena Ippolitovna. Slavic Encyclopedia .. - Olma-Press, 2004. - ISBN 5-224-02249-5 .
- ↑ Slavs. Anthropology and ethnic history (broken link) (inaccessible link)
- ↑ T.I. Alekseeva, Eastern Slavs. Anthropology and ethnic history.
- ↑ Sedov V.V. Eastern Slavs in the VI — XIII centuries. M. 1982.P. 101 - 102.
- ↑ Danilevsky I.N. Tale of Bygone Years: Hermeneutical Foundations of the Study of Annals. M. 2004.S. 148.
- ↑ Antonovich V. B. Excavations in the country of Drevlyans // Materials on the archeology of Russia. Edition Imp. Archaeological Commission. No. 11. Antiquities of the Southwest Territory. SPb., 1893.
- ↑ Sedov V.V. Eastern Slavs in the VI — XIII centuries. M. 1982.P. 103-104.
- ↑ 1 2 Zvizdetsky B.A. Settlements of the 9th — 13th centuries on the territory of the literary drevlyans . Kiev. 2008.
- ↑ PSRL, vol. II, stb. 299
- ↑ PSRL, vol. II, stb. 492
Literature
- {VT-ESBE | Drevlyane}
- Antonovich V. B. “Antiquities of the South-Western Territory. Excavations in the country of Drevlyans ”(“ Materials for Archeology of Russia ”, No. 11, St. Petersburg, 1893).