Boycott ( eng. protest against anything.
In international relations , according to the UN Charter , it is one of the coercive measures (without the use of armed forces) to maintain peace. It consists in the refusal of the state to maintain relations with any state or group of states.
It is named after the name of the English manager Charles Boycott , in relation to whom in 1880 this measure was applied by Irish tenants.
Content
- 1 Famous boycotts
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
Famous Boycotts
One of the first famous boycotts, even before the word “boycott” appeared, was organized by the abolitionist movement in England at the end of the 18th century . Members of the movement refused to consume cane sugar and other products of slave labor , and in the end they were able to convince a significant part of the London world that drinking tea with sugar is immoral. This served as one of the impetus for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1833 .
The first formal boycott organized at the state level was a nationwide one-day boycott of Jewish firms and stores on April 1, 1933 in Nazi Germany .
Boycotts are often used by national liberation movements and in the struggle for civil rights. For example, in the first half of the 20th century , Chinese nationalist movements ( May 4 movement , the Kuomintang , etc.) regularly organized boycotts of Japanese goods in protest against the policies of the Japanese Empire towards China. Mahatma Gandhi in 1921 , during the struggle for the independence of India, urged the Indians to boycott British firms and educational institutions. Local-level boycotts (against specific racially- discriminated organizations) were one of the main techniques of the struggle for Negro civil rights in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s.
The boycotts of the Olympic Games are widely known. For example, the United States and several of its allies boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow due to the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan in 1979 . In response, the USSR and most of the socialist countries boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles .
One of the most massive boycotts of recent times was organized in the Arab countries against Danish food in 2006 , as a result of the famous cartoon scandal .
See also
- Boycott of elections
- Boycott
- Nonviolence
Notes
Literature
- Boycott // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Friedman, M. Consumer Boycotts: Effecting Change through the Marketplace and the Media. London: Routledge , 1999.
- Hoffmann, S., Müller, S. Consumer Boycotts Due to Factory Relocation. // Journal of Business Research , 2009, 62 (2), 239-247.
- Hoffmann, S. Anti-Consumption as a Means of Saving Jobs. // European Journal of Marketing, 2011, 45 (11/12), 1702-1714.
- Glickman LB Buying Power: A History of Consumer Activism in America. University Of Chicago Press , 2009.
- Klein, JG, Smith, NC, John, A. Why we Boycott: Consumer Motivations for Boycott Participation. // Journal of Marketing, 2004, 68 (3), 92–109.