Brücke, Ernst Wilhelm von

Ernst Wilhelm was born June 6, 1819 in the city of Berlin in the family of the historical painter and portrait painter Johann Gottfried Brücke ( German: Johann Gottfried Brücke ; 1796-1873). He attended a gymnasium in Stralsund and since 1838 studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin and Heidelberg ^[8] . In 1842, under the leadership of Johann Müller, he defended a dissertation in Berlin on diffuse processes and received a doctorate in medicine, in 1843 he became Miller’s assistant ^[9] at the Museum of Comparative Anatomy and a prosector, and since 1844 he taught normal, comparative and pathological as a privat docent anatomy and physiology. In 1845, together with E.G. Dubois-Reymond, he founded the German Physical Society in Berlin. ^[9] Since 1846 he was also a professor of anatomy at the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1848, he succeeded Friedrich Burdach, who died a year earlier, at the University of Koenigsberg , as an associate professor of physiology. ^[9]

In 1849-1890, von Brücke was a professor of physiology and microscopic anatomy at the University of Vienna , in 1879-1880 he also held the post of rector of this university, being the first non-Catholic rector in the history of the university. ^[9] Along with Girtl , von Rokytansky , Skoda , Hebra and Billroth, Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke is considered one of the most distinguished professors of this university. ^[9] Among his Viennese students were such scientists as A. Rollett , E. El , Z. Exner , J. Panet and E. Fleischl von Marx .

In 1849, Brucke was elected a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna ^{[8] [10]} , and in 1882-1885 he was vice president of this academy. ^[11] In 1879, von Brücke was appointed a member of the upper house of gentlemen, in which he joined the government party. ^[8]

Ernst Wilhelm von Brucke began his scientific fame with his work: Anatomische Beschreibung des Augapfels ( Anatomical Description of the Eyeball , Berlin, 1847), after which he published a long series of works on various issues of anatomy and physiology, namely, on vision , blood and blood circulation , digestive organs , physiology of speech , partly in special journals, partly in the Denkschriften (Notes) and in the Sitzungsbenchte (Minutes of meetings) of the Vienna Academy. Then the work “ Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute ” (Vienna, 1866, 2nd edition, 1876) was published ^[8] .

Further research in the field of speech led the scientist to publish the article “ Neue Methode der phonetischen Transskription ” (Vienna, 1863), in which he described his new phonetic transcription method, which allowed people who had never heard a conversation in that language to portray sounds of a foreign language . Significantly in this method was the introduction of new signs that determined the position of the mouth organs, acting when pronouncing sounds ^[8] .

Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke died on January 7, 1892 in Vienna.

• 1849 - Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna.
• 1852 - Member of Leopoldina . ^[12]
• 1854 - Corresponding Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences .
• 1861 - Member of the Gottingen Academy of Sciences .
• 1873 - Member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . ^[9]
• 1889 - Knight of the Royal Prussian Order " Pour le mérite for achievements in science and art." ^[13]

• "Anatomische Beschreibung des Augapfels", Berlin, 1847;
• “Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute”, Vienna, 1866; 2nd edition, 1876;
• Neue Methode der phonetischen Transskription, Vienna, 1863;
• “Die Physiologie der Farben für die Zwecke der Kunstgewerbe bearbeitet”, Leipzig , 1866;

• "Die physiologischen Grundlagen der neuhochdeutschen Verskunst", Vienna, 1871;
• Vorlesungen über Physiologie in 2 volumes, Vienna, 1873–74; Volume I, 3rd ed., 1881; Volume II, 2nd ed., 1876;
• "Bruchstücke aus der Theorie der bildenden Künste", Leipzig, 1877;
• “Textbook of Physiology” (was translated into Russian during the author’s lifetime ^[14] ).

• Brücke Ernst // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.