Podzorzhnaya (Podorozhnaya memory, podorozhnaya) is a government document that was used in Russia and in the Russian Empire in the 15th and late 19th centuries to obtain state horses during their journey through the pits (later the postal station). The owner of the roadside might have been obliged to pay for the run of the horses, but not always.
Travel certificate | |
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The travel document of the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich to the driver of the extradition of "Kulpu Oxentieva" carts on the pits from Moscow to Veliky Novgorod and back. Belozersky Museum of History and Art | |
Branch of law | civil |
View | Diploma |
Entry into force | XV century |
Loss of power | XIX century |
Content
History
In 1226, in Russia, the rules for official messengers (princely or episcopal or other) were established, according to which sleighs were provided to them in winter and a cart in summer.
The procedure for issuing Podorozhnaya was drawn up in the middle of the 15th century, which made it possible for messengers to take horses not only at post holes, but also in any roadside villages. The Grand Duke Vladimirsky and Moskovsky Ivan Vasilyevich approved more than one and a half thousand villages and towns, obliged to give carts to the sovereign messengers. Roadside began to be widely used, especially after the creation of the Yamsk department . Coachmen who received an open sheet of roadway received preferences during the transport of people and goods.
Roadside was used not only on land paths, but also on waterways, for example, on the Volga from Astrakhan . In this case, the owner of the instrument had the opportunity to get the ship , the feeding staff and the rowers.
Historical periods of validity of the letters
- From the middle of the XV century until the Decree of Emperor Paul I dated March 18, 1798
- From 1798 to July 4, 1828
- From 1828 to the end of the XIX century
From Ivan the Great to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Yamskoy fishing was not strictly regulated. Since the second half of the XVI century. Then the messengers began to give "road memory from the Yamsky order " so that they could get the horses "from the pits", as well as the "runs" with which they calculated with the driver.
On January 13 ( 24 ), 1714 , a decree was issued, according to which Yamsk carts began to be issued only by Podorozhnaya "with the collection of run money" [1] .
From March 27, 1717, double runs began to be taken from private roadways.
The nominal decree of February 7 ( 18 ), 1718 obliged senators to sign courier couriers in the Senate , and in governorates to governors or vice-governors [2] .
Foreign roadside signs were signed only by the emperor himself, or in extreme cases, by the authorized senator. From the end of 1718, it was possible to go abroad after the signature of one of the ministers or governors.
Decree of 12 ( 23 ) August 1719 confirmed the collection of double runs from people traveling “for their needs” [3] .
Form
Already under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, letters of two kinds appeared, which, of course, were written by hand: driving through the letter and Moscow roadside. They were attached to the draft print .
- On trips on breech need was given Moscow roadside
The title of this document contained, as a rule, this form:
"According to the Emperor Tsarev and the Grand Duke decree ...".
In addition to this preamble, the letter contained the requisites (point of departure, destination, intermediate stops, as well as a mandatory order: at the “all people without cancellation” stop points, provide riding horses with saddle and rein (in the case of water movement - “sudenko with rowers and with boarder”) ").
- On trips of private need was given passing diploma.
The title of the letter was:
"From the Tsar and the Grand Duke ... through the cities to our governors" ...
The body of the letter had different interpretations, but its meaning was to indicate that a traveler should pass without obstruction to the point he needed (what was indicated). It has often been indicated that further this point of the messenger should not be allowed.
Notes
- ↑ Emperor Peter I’s decree on the dacha of the Yamskys podkaz, not otherwise, on the podorozhnym with the collection of run-in money and on the appointment of the drivers of this payment in the amount of the salary of the treasury. January 13 ( 24 ), 1714
- ↑ The decree of Emperor Peter I on the signatories of courier prices went up to the Senate, to the Senators, and in the Gubernias of the Governors and the Vice-Governors . February 7 ( 18 ), 1718
- ↑ The decree of Emperor Peter I on the issuance of roadside, for double runs, traveling on their own needs . August 12 ( 23 ), 1719