Neoponera apicalis (lat.) Is a species of primitive ants of the genus Neoponera (formerly as part of Pachycondyla ) from the subfamily Ponerinae . Neotropics [1] [2] [3] .
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Content
Distribution
Neotropics : Central America , South America (from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil) [1] [2] .
Description
Medium-sized ants (about 1 cm) with large multi-toothed mandibles . The main color is black; the tip of the antennae is yellowish. Head , chest and abdomen are black. The scape of the antennae is long, black. The eyes are large convex, located in the middle side of the head. The sting is developed. The stalk between the breast and the abdomen is one-segmented, consists of a petiol [1] [2] .
Small families include up to 100 workers and one uterus (monogyny); hierarchical relationships are noted among working individuals [4] .
The ants Neoponera apicalis are imitated by the external form (mimic) of the myrmecomorphic spiders Castianeira memnonia [2] [5] and the mantis Mantillica nigricans [6] .
Side worker
Worker on top
Female head
Winged female
Female on top
Systematics
The species was first described by the French entomologist Pierre Latreille under the original name Formica apicalis Latreille , 1802 . In 1863 it was included in the genus Pachycondyla , since 1901 - in the genus Neoponera , and since 1995 - again in Pachycondyla and was called Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802) . In 2014, during the revision of the ponerin, the genus Neoponera was restored together with the taxon Neoponera apicalis [3] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Mackay, WP, and EE Mackay 2010. The Systematics and Biology of the New World Ants of the Genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Edwin Mellon Press, Lewiston.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Wild, AL 2005. Taxonomic revision of the Pachycondyla apicalis species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Zootaxa 834: 1-25.
- ↑ 1 2 Schmidt, CA; Shattuck, SO The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior // Zootaxa : Journal. - Auckland , New Zealand : Magnolia Press, 2014 .-- Vol. 3817 (1). - P. 1-242. - ISSN 1175-5326 .
- ↑ Oliveira, PS, and B. Hoelldobler. 1990. Dominance orders in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27: 385-393.
- ↑ Reiskind, J. 1977. Ant-mimicry in Panamian clubionid and salticid spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae and Salticidae). - Biotropica 9: 1-8.
- ↑ Antonio A. Agudelo and José A. Rafael. 2014. Genus Mantillica Westwood, 1889: rediscovery and review of the Amazonian “ant-mantis” (Mantodea: Thespidae: Oligonicinae). - Entomological Science. Volume 17, Issue 4, pages 400-408, October 2014. Ref
Literature
- Cruz L., L., and ED Morgan 1997. Explanation of bitter taste of venom of ponerine ant, Pachycondyla apicalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 23: 705-712.
- Fresneau, D., and P. Dupuy 1988. A study of polyethism in a ponerine ant Neoponera apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Animal Behavior 36: 1389-1399.
- Soroker, V., D. Fresneau, and A. Hefetz 1998. Formation of colony odor in ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 24: 1077-1090.
- Soroker, V., C. Lucas, T. Simon, D. Fresneau, J. Durand and A. Hefetz. 2003. Hydrocarbon distribution and colony odour homogenization in Pachycondyla apicalis. - Insectes Sociaux 50: 212-217.
- Wild, AL 2005. Taxonomic revision of the Pachycondyla apicalis species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Zootaxa 834: 1-25.
Links
- Myrmecia species of Australia (Formicidae) . Ants Down Under (Australian ants )