Circuitry

An electronic circuit implemented as a finished device

Circuitry - a scientific and technical direction involved in the design, creation and debugging (synthesis and analysis) of electronic circuits and devices for various purposes ^[1] .

Content

General information

The concept of circuitry is applicable to a wide range of electronic devices, from complex systems to individual transistors within an integrated circuit. At the same time, the implementation of simple tasks is quite within the reach of one person without additional help. To solve complex problems, a systematic approach, computer modeling and the involvement of special engineering teams are required. However, in any case, circuitry in practice occupies an intermediate position between the emergence of an idea and the production of a finished electronic circuit. Its main task is to develop the structures of electronic circuits that ensure the performance of specified functions, as well as the calculation of the parameters of their elements ^[1] .

It should also be noted that competent circuit design involves a balance of economic and technical indicators. A negative can be both a lack of funds for design, and their oversupply. It is important during all stages of the work to assess their economic efficiency ^[2] .

The final result of the circuitry should meet the principles of industrial design ^[2] .

Circuitry can be divided into analog , digital and analog-digital.

Preparatory phase

After deciding on circuitry, prototyping is important. It allows you to reduce the development time of electronic circuits by reducing gross design errors. In addition, with relatively modest means, the prototype in practice allows you to try out ideas embedded in an electronic circuit. Depending on the design features, prototyping is applicable both to the entire development as a whole, and to its individual parts ^[3] .

The main stages of conducting circuit work

In general, circuitry work consists of the following main steps ^[4] :

Creation of technical specifications for the development of an electronic circuit that meets customer requirements.
Development of a basic electronic circuit that meets the requirements of the technical specifications.
Calculation of the parameters of the components of the electronic circuit and their selection.
Creating a layout of an electronic circuit to verify its design and operation.
Finalization of the electronic circuit according to the results of testing the design and operation.
Development of manufacturing technology and the final selection of components and materials used.
Creating a pre-production product for testing.
Testing a pre-production electronic circuit to verify its compliance with customer requirements.
Signing acceptance certificates and approval of production drawings.
If necessary, support of production in terms of refinement of the electronic circuit due to the appearance of new components, materials and design solutions.

Terms of Reference

Like any design work , circuitry begins with the development of technical specifications . It formulates a list of functions that the created electronic circuit should provide, but, as a rule, it does not indicate how this should be ensured ^[5] .

The terms of reference is usually a detailed description of the customer’s requirements for the electronic circuit and may include various electrical parameters, such as characteristics of the input and output signals, power sources, energy consumption. In addition, physical parameters can be specified, such as size, weight, moisture resistance, operating temperature range, dissipated heat output, vibration protection, resistance to overloads and the like. For future efficient operation of the created electronic circuit, the technical task should include the conditions of the so-called interaction design ^[6] .

Design

The design of an electronic circuit, depending on its complexity, goes through a number of stages. The exception applies only to the simplest of them, created simultaneously. The first step is to translate the requirements of the technical specifications for signal processing into a block diagram of such transformations. At the same time, the blocks are considered, purely functional, as a kind of " black boxes ", without detailing their physical content. Such an approach allows, even a very complex task, to break into smaller fragments, and their solutions can be implemented either sequentially or in parallel, distributing among different engineering groups ^[7] ^[8] .

Further, the functional tasks of each block are considered in detail, paying attention to the features of signal processing. This step may require practical research or mathematical modeling of processes. It is possible that the result of the work will be the need to change the flowchart with the redistribution of tasks between its blocks ^[9] ^[8] .

Then, on the basis of the flowchart, a principal is developed. Select its individual elements, place them on the board, after which they are assembled "in hardware", getting a layout. As a rule, this stage is quite long, since it requires taking into account a long list of practical limitations. These include the mutual influence of the components of the circuit, and their availability in terms of supply, and maintainability of the entire structure, and the requirement of its compliance with standards and the like.

The final step is to test the layout, followed by, if necessary, finalizing it and creating a pre-production electronic circuit ^[10] .

Verification and Testing

The pre-production electronic circuit is actually an analogue of the finalized layout. It is created to verify, during pre-production tests, the compliance of the results with customer requirements. Sometimes, to debug the interaction of circuit elements, tests are preceded by formal verification . According to the results of pre-production tests, the final changes are made to the circuit. If necessary, create a new pre-production sample and conduct new tests ^[5] .

Reporting

The results of circuitry work are made out in the form of finished drawings, as well as, if necessary, production technology and instructions for use ^[10] .

Notes

↑ ¹ ² Circuitry / G.I. Veselov // Big Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
↑ ¹ ² A. Aleksenko, Fundamentals of Microcircuit Engineering - M.: Unimediaastail, 2009 .-- 448 p., 3000 copies. ISBN 978-5-94774-002-8
↑ Todd Zaki Warfel Prototyping. A practical guide // Publisher: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2013, 240 pp., 2000 copies. ISBN 978-5-91657-725-9
↑ GOST 2.103-68. Unified system of design documentation. (unspecified) . Development stages . protect.gost.ru. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.
↑ ¹ ² William K. Lam Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? (eng.) . Introduction to Hardware Design Verification // Website Informit.com, Aug 19, 2005 .. informit.com. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.
↑ Alan Cooper, Robert Reimann, Dave Cronin About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design. - Wiley, 2007 .-- 610 p. - ISBN 978-0-470-08411-3 . (eng.)
↑ Ross Ashby Chapter 6. The Black Box // Introduction to Cybernetics = An Introduction to Cybernetics. - Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1959. - S. 127-169. - 432 s.
↑ ¹ ² Pospelov D. A. Logical methods of analysis and synthesis of circuits, 3rd ed., - M .: Energy, 1974. - 368 p.
↑ Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test . besttest.com. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.
↑ ¹ ² GOST R 15.201-2000. The system of development and putting products into production. (unspecified) . Products for industrial purposes. The procedure for the development and putting products into production . protect.gost.ru. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.

Literature

Vladimir Gurevich Electronic Devices on Discrete Components for Industrial and Power Engineering, CRC Press, London - New York, 2008, 418 p.
Aleksenko A.G. Fundamentals of microcircuitry. - M. , 1971.
Pospelov D.A. Logical methods of analysis and synthesis of circuits. - 3rd ed .. - M. , 1974.

[словарь-1] ¹ ² Circuitry / G.I. Veselov // Big Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

[Алекс-2] ¹ ² A. Aleksenko, Fundamentals of Microcircuit Engineering - M.: Unimediaastail, 2009 .-- 448 p., 3000 copies. ISBN 978-5-94774-002-8

[3] Todd Zaki Warfel Prototyping. A practical guide // Publisher: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2013, 240 pp., 2000 copies. ISBN 978-5-91657-725-9

[4] GOST 2.103-68. Unified system of design documentation. (unspecified) . Development stages . protect.gost.ru. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.

[Willi-5] ¹ ² William K. Lam Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? (eng.) . Introduction to Hardware Design Verification // Website Informit.com, Aug 19, 2005 .. informit.com. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.

[6] Alan Cooper, Robert Reimann, Dave Cronin About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design. - Wiley, 2007 .-- 610 p. - ISBN 978-0-470-08411-3 . (eng.)

[7] Ross Ashby Chapter 6. The Black Box // Introduction to Cybernetics = An Introduction to Cybernetics. - Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1959. - S. 127-169. - 432 s.

[Посп-8] ¹ ² Pospelov D. A. Logical methods of analysis and synthesis of circuits, 3rd ed., - M .: Energy, 1974. - 368 p.

[9] Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test . besttest.com. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.

[ГОСТ-10] ¹ ² GOST R 15.201-2000. The system of development and putting products into production. (unspecified) . Products for industrial purposes. The procedure for the development and putting products into production . protect.gost.ru. Date of treatment March 22, 2015.