Gumbaz

Apparently, the term is very ancient and can come from the name of anthropogenous burials, over which a hill of soil or stones was erected in the form of a dome, which had a regular circle in plan - when viewed from above. In a sardoba, a spherical dome, built of high-quality burnt bricks on a high-quality mortar, performed the functions of protecting a fresh-water house pool from evaporation, covering the house with shade, and also protected the water storage from dust and sand storms. In small architectural forms, the dome-gumbaz is often found in small tombs, mausoleums and bathhouses. Later gumbaz became a favorite architectural form and became widespread in buildings of various types, sizes and purposes. Gumbaz receives its highest manifestation in the grandiose buildings of the madrassah, mosques and tombs of khans, shahs, emirs or beloved wives and daughters. A term of Asian origin later entered Africa, apparently with the Arab conquests and the spread of the Muslim religion.

The Egyptian pyramids have another name: "The Great Arches" (Gumbaz-i-haraman) .

According to very ancient beliefs, gumbaz is a model of the heavenly vault, which rests on the plane of the earth's firmament; a dome over the World, which a traveler sees at night over his head.

Initially, as an element of architecture and building construction, gumbaz everywhere had one meaning before the appearance of concrete and reinforced concrete : a dome lined with brickwork.

Gumbaz domes are extremely strong and durable. This is achieved by a rational form, specially made with bricks, a formulation of masonry mortar and brick masonry technique and technology.

A hemispherical gumbaz is almost always an indispensable element of a sardob - a complex hydraulic structure for the collection, storage and use of drinking water in cities, settlements, guard bazaars, discounts and freestanding structures on roads and caravan routes in dry steppes, deserts and semi-deserts.

Gumbaz is also often the dome erected over the cubic construction of the mausoleum, where in the sacred tradition the cube represents the image of the World with four horizons-walls, respectively, to the cardinal points, and the dome - the image of the celestial hemisphere resting on the earth's plane - what the traveler observes at night over your head. A classic monument of this kind is the Mausoleum of the Samanids in Bukhara .

As an architectural element is present in the form of temples, public baths, residential buildings and other structures for various purposes.

Gumbaz as an engineering design appeared extremely long ago - at least a thousand years ago, and in this form was adopted in European culture. In Europe, the art of erecting gumbaza was transmitted through the architecture of the Middle East and North Africa . Probably, gumbaz through Arab culture penetrated as an element of architecture on the Iberian Peninsula .

Over time, gumbaz begins to take on sophisticated and highly complex forms and in a number of remarkable masterpieces of world architecture becomes almost the dominant decorative and organizing element in the architectonics of the structure. Such, for example, is the magnificent and majestic blue dome-huthouse of the tomb of Timur Gur-Emir in Samarkand .

In India, the Mausoleum of Muhamedd Adil Shah, which was built in 1660 , is also called the Gol Gumbaz ("Round Dome"), and is located in Bijapur , Karnataka .

Azerbaijan

• Yeddi Gumbaz , "Seven Domes" - a mausoleum, the tomb of the Shirvan Shahs in the village of Maraza
• Gumbaz Nizami , “Dome of Nizami” - the mausoleum, the tomb of the poet Abu Muhammad Ilias ibn Yusuf ibn Zaki Muayyad, who chose the name “Nizami” as a literary pseudonym or “nisba ” . According to Bartold at the end of the 19th century, “... in the middle of the road was a small gumbaz, which was half destroyed. This is the grave of Sheikh Nizami, from it to Ganja there are seven miles. ” Located in the territory of Azerbaijan.

Egypt

• Gumbaz-i-haraman , "The Great Arches" is another name for the Egyptian pyramids , North Africa .

India

• Gol Gumbaz , “The Blue Dome” is another name for the Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah in the city of Bijapur, in southern India. In the XV-XVII centuries, the city was the capital of the Bijapur Sultanate, which occupied most of the Hindustan Peninsula. The mausoleum was built in 1659. The internal hall of the building has a square layout with a side of about 50 meters. The construction is crowned by a blue dome with a diameter of 44 meters, which is considered the third largest among those built in the pre-industrial era. Its size is second only to the domes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Istanbul and St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.

Kyrgyzstan

• Gumbez Manas , literally: "Dome of Manas", "Tomb of Manas" is another name for the mausoleum, which is located 22 km northeast of the city of Talas in Kyrgyzstan. Built of burnt brick, decorated with national ornaments and inscriptions in Arabic. The mausoleum is crowned with a pointed dome. One of the inscriptions on the facade of the building says that the daughter of a rich emir rests in it. However, according to legend, the mausoleum was built by craftsmen from Bukhara and Samarkand on the orders of Kanykey, the wife of the legendary hero of the Kyrgyz epic Manas. The Gumbez Manas Mausoleum is a heritage of national history and culture, especially revered today by the inhabitants of the country.
• Gumbez Baytik , literally: “The Bayt Baytik”, “The Tomb of Baytik” is another name for the mausoleum, where the captain of the Russian army, who was born in Kyrgyzstan, was born in Baitik Batyr, who fought in the ranks of the Russian army with the troops of the Kokand Khanate. The Gumbez Baytik Mausoleum is located in the Ala-Archa gorge, near Bishkek.

Uzbekistan

• Gumbazi Sayyidan , “Dome of the Seyyids” is another name for the Mausoleum built by the Ulugbek over the graves of the Seyids in 1438.
• Kok Gumbaz , “Blue Dome” - a mausoleum as part of the architectural complex in Tashkent, not far from Hasti Imom Square. The architectural complex of the Barak Khan madrasah consists of a madrasah and two mausoleums built into it, formed during the XV-XVI centuries. The first was an unnamed mausoleum in the eastern part of the complex. Then came the two-domed khanaka mausoleum, built in 1530 in honor of the ruler of Tashkent, Suyunj Khan Sheibani from the Uzbek Sheibanid dynasty. However, over time, the mausoleum has undergone many changes. In the middle of the XVI century, the son of Suyunj Khan, Nauruz-Ahmad, nicknamed Barak Khan, attached a madrassah adjacent to his father's mausoleum. However, the mausoleum remained the basis of the entire complex. Its central hall, as well as the nameless mausoleum and darskhan, are crowned with turquoise domes on high drums.
  

According to historical information, the skufu of the dome of the Suyunj Khan mausoleum was covered with blue tiles, the dome drum was decorated with a star-shaped girih with a pattern of octagonal stars, drawn from a mosaic, so the mausoleum was called "Kok Gumbaz" ("Blue Dome"). However, during the earthquake of 1868, the dome collapsed

• Kok Gumbaz , the “Blue Dome” is another name for the mosque, which was built in 1435 in Samarkand and for several centuries was considered the main one in the city. The portal indicates that the mosque was erected by Ulugbek in memory of his father Shahrukh. The dome, covered with blue tiles, has a diameter of 46 meters; hence the name of the mosque.
• Kuk Gumbaz , "Blue Dome" is another name for the Barak Khan Madrasah in Bukhara .
• Kanesoi Gumbaz , “The synagogue under the dome” - a building built in 1891 in Samarkand . Originally called Knesoi Kalon ("Great Synagogue ").
• Kok Gumbaz , the “Blue Dome” is a Friday mosque in the city of Karshi , located next to the city market, similar to the mosque of the same name in Shakhrisabz .
• Cook Gumbaz , “Blue Dome” is another common name for the Kasim Sheikh mosque in the city of Navoi .
• Gumbez-bobo , literally: "Grandfather's Dome" - the common name of the temple, possibly - anthropogenic burial near the city of Angren . Another name is the Gumbaz Bobo Mausoleum . The building dates from the 11th – 12th centuries.
• Gumbaz - the name of the mahalla (quarter) in the ancient city of Rishtan , Ferghana region , where the Arabs built one of the first cathedral mosque with a dome .

Tajikistan

• Geok Gumbez , “Blue Dome” - a tract in the desert zone 70 km north of Merv . Three medieval mausoleums are located here, representing the traditional type of single-chamber portal-domed tomb of the North Khorasan architectural school . They form an ensemble of elongated buildings. The dome of the largest structure with a lancet arch on the main portal was faced with blue glazed bricks, which later fell down. Two other mausoleums are worse preserved. Needs study, protection and restoration.
• Kok Gumbaz , Kuk Gumbaz , “Blue Dome”, Tajik Kok gumbaz - this is sometimes called the Abdulatif Sultan madrasah in the ancient city of Istaravshan , which until 2000 was called Ura-Tyube . The building of the madrasah with a dome trimmed with blue tiles. Partially destroyed, needs to be studied, guarded and restored.

Turkmenistan

• Yeti Gumbaz “Seven Hills” (?) Is a place described in a 19th-century essay by Firdaus al-ikbal (“Garden of Eden”), authored by an Uzbek court historian, poet and statesman Shir-Muhammad bin Emir Avazbiy-mirab I will say Mu'nis. Presumably, the Yeti Gumbaz area was not far from Anbar. Perhaps today it is the territory of Uzbekistan.

• Bazai Gumbaz is a tract at the northern foot of the Hindu Kush , Afghanistan .
• Bash-Gumbez , literally: “head-dome” - a tract; letovka; a place where in the warm season Kyrgyz cattle herders grazed cattle in the Pamirs.
• Bash-Gumbez , Tash-Gumbez , literally: “stone dome” - a pass for exiting the Alichur Valley to Lake Zor-kul in the Pamirs.
• Gumbazy , Bashkir Gumbasy - a village in the Sterlibashevsky district of Bashkortostan, belongs to the Sterlibashevsky village council, Russian Federation.
• Dzharty-Gumbaz - a village on the right bank of the Istyk River, Eastern Pamir, Tajikistan (?).

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• Mosque
• Sardoba
• House