Urboecology (from lat. Urbs - city), or the ecology of a city , is the science of the relationship and interaction in time and space of two systems - urban (its social, technical, energy, information, administrative subsystems) and natural. Urboecology is a section of ecology .
The object of study of urban ecology is urban biogeocenoses . Urboecology considers urbanization not only as an objective historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of civilization , but also as a process of restructuring the entire human environment, that is, relying on the ecological approach, according to which the city is a complex organism in the system of connections between the elements that form it, and " external "social and natural environment.
Urboecology explores urban landscapes , changes in the natural and spatial resources of a city, its soil cover, air basin , surface and underground waters , flora and fauna , and various types of pollution. In turn, urban ecosystems are a natural-territorial complex (geocomplex) with all its hierarchical structure - from landscapes to facies , which is under the direct influence (past, present, future) of the city.
The main direction of urban ecology is the study of the human population , although it is a social phenomenon, from the point of view of population ecology it is one that during its life moves from one ecological niche to another (housing, place of work, transportation , recreation , etc.) . With the development of urbanization processes and the growth of environmental alienation, urban people must include new adaptive (physiological, psychological, social) mechanisms that are not unlimited. The city is an environment not only for people to live, but also for the existence of various species of plants and animals . Partially they exist in a domesticated (cultivated) state, others can exist only in specific domestic conditions ( greenhouses , aquariums , etc.). Wild plants and wild animals are also found. All living organisms of the urban environment surrounding a person also know how to adapt to changing conditions. [one]
Urboecology also includes rational design and environmentally optimal options for the construction of urban structures. It relies on many branches of knowledge, the subject of which is the study of various aspects of the interaction of society and nature - ecology , botany , urban planning , geography , sociology , sanitation , technology, etc. Urboecology is closely connected with the problem of preserving wildlife in the conditions of the inevitable onset of cities on Wednesday and progressive deterioration in its quality. [2]
The theoretical base on this subject is constantly being updated at the expense of and thanks to practical projects around the world in the form of eco - settlements , ecological cities , eco- cities, there are cities that are specially built on the principle of harmony of the natural and social environment. In the USSR, for example, this happened with the participation of the psychologist A. A. Brudny , the ecologist D. N. Kavtaradze , the sociologist O. M. Yanitsky, and others in the Pushchino science city near Moscow. Interdisciplinary projects, experiments, experiments studied all the processes related to the "urbosphere" - residents picking mushrooms, flowers in the local forest, stray dogs , building a network of roads, etc. [3] .
See also
- Urban studies
- City Economy
- Sociology of the city
- Urban planning
- Urban planning
- Geography of the city
Notes
- ↑ Kucheryavy V.P. Urboecology // Ecological Encyclopedia: In 3 volumes / A.V. Tolstoukhov (Ch. Ed.) - K .: Center for Environmental Education and Information LLC, 2008. - V. 3. - S. 322-323.
- ↑ Sytnik K.M., Brion A.V., Gordetsky A.V., Brion A.P. Dictionary of Ecology. - M .: Opinion, 1994 .-- 665 p.
- ↑ Ecopolis: Introduction and Problems: Preprint / A. A. Brudny, D. N. Kavtaradze, 36 pp. ill., 1 l. silt 22 cm, Pushchino NTsB AN USSR 1981
Literature
- Ruchin A. B., Meshcheryakov V. V., Spiridonov S. N. Urboecology for biologists. - M .: Colossus, 2009 .-- 195 p. ISBN 5-9532-0686-0
- Urboecology: lecture notes / V.V. Vladimirov; Int. independent eco-politol. un-t - M.: Publishing House of MNEPU Gallery, 1999 .-- 202 p.
- Ecology of the city / Ed. F.V. Stolberg. - K .: Libra, 2000.