International Classification of Tulips

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was neither a generally accepted classification of tulips, nor a single register of varieties, nor independent varietal testing institutions ^[7] . The nomenclature of tulip varieties was in chaos ^[7] . Especially many synonyms and dubious cultivars were among the Tulips Cottage and the then-newest Darwin tulips ^[7] . In 1913, British and Dutch flower growers joined together to solve classification problems and synonyms and laid in Weasley, in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society , extensive varietal test fields ^[7] . As part of this program, which did not stop during the First World War , the British tested about 800 varieties ^[7] . In the years 1914-1915 they compiled a preliminary classification scheme of varieties into 14 groups or classes; in 1917 the Dutch joined her ^[7] . The basis of this classification is the division of tulips, proposed by Klusius, according to the timing of flowering into early and late ^[10] ("May" ^[7] ); within these sections, some classes were distinguished by origin (Darwin's tulips, English breeders , Dutch breeders ), others by morphological characteristics (simple, terry, parrot ); four classes were assigned to variegated tulips - the descendants of ordinary, one-color tulips infected with a variegated virus ^[11] .

In the 1920s, two new, rapidly growing, genetically homogeneous groups of varieties appeared on the market - Mendelian tulips and Triumph tulips ^[12] . In 1929, the Anglo-Dutch Tulip Nomenclature Committee decided to include these groups in the classification scheme in the rank of individual classes, but not before new varieties are tested ^[13] . Tests of 1931-1932 showed that among these varieties there were many similar, and sometimes completely identical cultivars, so the publication of a new registry and new classification was postponed until the full-scale cleaning of varieties was completed ^[8] . This publication took place only in 1939; 3800 varieties, sorted into 16 classes, were then included in the register of varieties ^[8] . Without radically changing the fourteen grades of the 1914 edition, the committee added Mendelian tulips (214 varieties) and Triumph tulips (209 varieties) to them and refused to introduce a class of lily-colored tulips ^[13] . The same pattern was repeated in the 1952 registry, which included 5544 varieties, including 1240 Darwin tulips, 518 Triumph tulips, and 497 Simple early ones ^[9] . Twelve of the fourteen revision classes of 1914-1915 and 14 of the 16 revision classes of 1939 and 1952 belonged to the species Gesner's Tulip ; more precisely, in the understanding of modern botanists, it is the totality of old garden varieties that forms this species, unknown in nature ^[14] . Species such as Kaufman 's Tulip, Greig 's Tulip, Superior Tulip , etc. appeared in flower farms at the end of the 19th century, but did not enter into widespread practice and therefore were combined in class 16 “Other species and their nearest hybrids,” or “ Botanical Tulips. " The 1952 registry was the last of those released in London; Since the 1958 edition, variety registers are published in the Netherlands by the Royal Association of Onion Crops in English.

In the 1940s, a revolution took place in breeding ^[15] : firstly, varieties of early flowering Central Asian tulips Kaufman, Foster and especially Greig tulip ^[9] entered into widespread practice. In 1952, they accounted for 3% of the global fund of varieties, in 1966 already 14% ^[16] . Secondly, breeder Dirk Lefeber developed the first varieties of Darwin hybrids - large, early flowering and suitable for forcing hybrids of Darwin tulips with Foster tulip ^{[9] [17] [14]} . In the 1960 edition, they were first singled out as a separate class; in addition, six species classes were introduced — the tulips of Batalin, Greig, Kaufmann, Tubergen, and Eichler, and in 1965, lily-colored tulips were finally separated from the Cottage class into a separate class ^[18] . The number of classes reached a historic maximum of 23 classes, conditionally grouped into four sections - early flowering, medium flowering, late flowering and species tulips ^{[19] [20]} .

With the advent of Darwin hybrids and the latest varieties of the Triumph group, the popularity of old varieties fell sharply, they disappeared from commercial farms and were irretrievably lost one after another ^[9] . Particularly quickly - from 628 varieties in 1952 to 152 varieties in 1965 - the number of variegated varieties decreased: flower growers massively refused to breed them, which threatened commodity plantations of monochrome varieties ^[9] . Following the rembrands, both the old varieties of breeders and the relatively new Mendelian tulips died out ^[9] . The newest tulips of Batalin, Tubergen and Eichler , unstable in the culture of open ground, did not take root in the farms ^[21] . In 1969, the classification was radically truncated: the classes of Duc van Toll , all classes of breeders, classes of tulips Batalin, Tubergen and Eichler ceased to exist ^[21] . Duc van Toll tulips were included in the Simple Early Classes, and all preserved variegated varieties were combined in the Rembrandt class ^[21] (previously only variegated Darwin tulips ^[11] were included in it).

The last significant revision of the classification, which formed its modern composition, took place in 1981. Classes of green-flowered and fringed tulips first appeared in it, combining varieties of different origin according to perianth morphology, and the once numerous and genetically homogeneous classes of Mendeleev and Darwin tulips were eliminated ^[21] . As a result of the revisions of 1969 and 1981, the Simple Early Class lost its former uniformity and turned into a combined squad of old varieties regardless of their origin ^[21] . Particular criticism was caused by the disbandment of the still powerful class of Darwin tulips ^[21] . Nevertheless, the classification of 1981 turned out to be stable, and in the revised edition of 1996 is valid to this day.

Section I. Early Blooming Tulips

Class 1. Simple Early

English Single Early (SE) ; niderl. Enkele vroege tulp (EVT)

The basis of this class is made up of medium-sized (30–40 cm) Gesner tulips with relatively small (5–7 cm) non-double flowers of a cup-shaped or goblet shape ^[22] , known since the 18th century ^[9] . For example, the Keizerskroon variety, known since 1750 ^[2] and cultivated since then in an unchanged form, propagates exclusively vegetatively, but has no signs of degeneration ^[23] . The flowering dates of these varieties are considered early only in comparison with tall late tulips; in culture, simple early varieties bloom later than the Kaufman tulip, Greig tulip and many “botanical” primrose species ^{[22] [24]} .

Since 1969, the class includes dwarf varieties of the disbanded class Duke van Toll known since the 17th century ^{[18] [22]} . This genetically isolated group probably does not date back to Gesner's tulip, but to Schrenk's tulip ( Tulipa suaveolens , synonymous with Tulipa shrenckii ). Since 1981, early flowering Mendeleev tulips have been included in the class, obtained by crossing varieties of Duc van Toll and Darwin tulips ^[18] .

In the 2009-2010 season, all varieties of this class occupied about 4% of the area of ​​Dutch tulip plantations ^{[25] [comm. 2]} . In the 2010s, the proportion of varieties grew rapidly: 7% in the 2011–2012 season, more than 8% in the 2013–2014 season ^[6] . Especially successful was the newest variety 'Candy Prince' (2001) - its plantations in three years grew from 57 to 125 ha ^[6] .

Class 2. Terry early

English Double Early (DE) , Netherlands. Dubbele vroege tulp (DVT)

Early terry varieties are stunted plants 20–25 cm tall ^[22] . Terry tulip flower has a double set of tepals (hence the "double tulips" of Western European languages). Ordinary tulips have six tepals (colloquially petals ^{[comm. 3]} ), located by two concentric whorls ^[27] . Terry tulips inside these whorls (where the ovary is located on an ordinary tulip) forms a second six-petal flower, and between it and six outer leaves there is an “insert” of three additional leaves ^[27] . The mechanism of this phenomenon, generated by mutations of ancestors of terry varieties, is not reliably known ^[28] .

The first terry tulips in Europe were described by Basilius Besler in Hortus Eystettensis in 1613 ^[29] . Until the end of the 19th century, early terry tulips were rare; successful selection became possible only in the 20th century ^[30] . In modern practice, early terry is used for distillation in pots and in open ground culture ^[22] . In the 2009-2010 season, all varieties of this class occupied about 9% of the area of ​​Dutch tulip plantations (second place after Triumph tulips) ^[25] . In the 2010s, the class share steadily decreased to 7.9% in the 2013-2014 season ^[6] .

Section II. Mid-flowering tulips

Class 3. Triumph

English Triumph (T) ; niderl. Triomf tulp (TT)

Modern Triumph tulips are medium-tall or tall (up to 70 cm) plants with a sturdy stem and large goblet flower dating back to Gesner's tulip ^{[22] [31]} . Due to their early, predictable flowering time, they are ideal for industrial-scale distillation . Varieties transferred to the Triumph class from other classes are somewhat different, for example, the old 'Couleur Cardinal' variety (known since 1815, in the register of varieties of 1939 was considered Simple early ^[32] , in 2010 it occupied 19th place in the list of the most popular varieties ^[33] ), late Mendelian tulips, and pseudo-Rembrandts like Holland Queen (1996) and Happy Generation (1988) ^[2] .

The source of the "real" Triumph tulips was the collection of hybrid seedlings bred in the 1910s at the Haarlem firm Zocher ^[34] . In 1918, the Rainsburg company of Sandbergen bought them from the heirs of Zocher, and in 1923 they went on sale under the trade name "Triumph" ^[34] . The novelty was a success, and competitors repeated the experiments of Zocher, resulting in a homogeneous group of hybrids between simple early, Darwin tulips and old varieties of the classes Brieder and Cottage ^[34] . In 1939, after cleaning the register of varieties from synonyms and dubious cultivars, Triumph tulips were first recognized as a separate class ^[34] . By 1952, the number of varieties of this class reached 518 and stabilized at this level until the end of the 20th century. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, Triumph tulips were in the shadow of Darwin hybrids. At the end of the XX century, the main priority of the Dutch was to reduce the cost of distillation, and the new Triumph varieties replaced the not-so-ripe Darwin hybrids from the plantations. In the 2009-2010 season, Triumph tulips occupied 59% of the area of ​​Dutch plantations ^[25] ; in the 2013-2014 season, their share grew to 61.4% ^[6] . This class includes eight of the ten most common tulip varieties in the 2010s, which occupy a quarter of all plantations (2.5 thousand ha) in total ^[33] . However, not one of them reached the former popularity of Lefeber's 'Apeldoorn' and his sports occupying 1300 ha in 1982 ^[33] .

In 2014, the list of 144 varieties awarded the Award of Garden Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society included 20 varieties of Triumph tulips ^[35] .

Class 4. Darwin hybrids

English Darwin Hybrids (DH) , Netherlands. Darwin hybride (DHT)

Darwin hybrids are the result of targeted hybridization of Darwin tulips with Foster tulip ^[17] . These are tall (up to 70 cm) tulips, with large, tall, brightly colored flowers ^[22] . The shape of the flower is cup-shaped, usually with a heavy, rectangular squared bottom inherited from Darwin tulips ^[17] . Varieties 'Hollands Glorie' (1942) and 'My Lady' (1959) are among the largest known tulips, and at the same time are the earliest flowering in the class ^{[2] [24]} . Darwin hybrids are usually resistant to the variegated virus ^[17] ; according to the experience of the Vilnius Botanical Garden, this is the most stable class of all classes of Gesner's tulip (1-11) ^[36] . The vast majority of varieties are sterile and propagate exclusively vegetatively ^{[17] [14]} . In their triploid karyotype, 36 chromosomes: the standard set of 24 chromosomes was inherited from Gesner tulip, 12 additional chromosomes were inherited from Foster tulip ^[37] . New varieties usually arise as kidney mutations (sports) during vegetative propagation ^[21] ; in Darwin hybrids, especially in the Apeldoorn variety (1951) ^[38] , this phenomenon is observed more often than in varieties of other classes ^[16] .

The traditional varieties of Darwin hybrids - 'Apeldoorn' and its sports, 'Gudoshnik' (1952), 'Oxford' (1945), 'Parade' (1951) and others - go back to the same pair of parent plants crossed in 1936 by Dirk Lefeber ^{[39] [40] [2]} . Foster’s tulip parent was Madame Lefeber (also known as “Red Emperor”), the parent of Gesner’s tulip was not reliably known; in later experiments, Lefeber used the Crelage varieties 'William Copland' (1891) and 'Pride of Haarlem' (1894) ^{[2] [37]} . Incidentally, contrary to the breeder's expectations (attractive interspecific hybrids were usually weak and unstable), 364 seedlings from this pair were strong, viable giants, and their offspring quickly conquered the Dutch market ^{[37] [39]} . In 1960, a group of 50 registered varieties was recognized as an independent class ^[9] . In the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, it dominated the European market, and at the turn of the 21st century it lost the place to Triumph tulips ^{[17] [33]} . In the 2009-2010 season, Darwin hybrids occupied 8% of the area of ​​all Dutch tulip plantations ^[25] .

Section III. Late-flowering tulips

Class 5. Simple Late

English Single Late (SL) , Netherlands. Enkele late tulp (ELT)

Class Late Simple was formed in 1981 by the merger of the abolished classes of Darwin tulips, Briders and Cottage, minus lilac, green, flowered, and fringed varieties ^[22] . In English-language literature, groups of tall “French late”, or “Schepers hybrids” - “Menton” (1971), “Maureen” (1950) and other varieties adapted to the mild climate of southern Europe ^{[41] are} sometimes distinguished within the class. The Simple Late class includes the tallest varieties of tulips (80 cm and above) - 'Temple of Beauty' (1959) ^[24] and 'El Nino', and the oldest ones like the variegated 'Zomerschoon' (1620), and a variety of multi-flowered varieties ^{[2] [41]} . All these heterogeneous groups belong to the Gesner tulip species.

Commercially available simple late ones, especially tetraploids , are stable and hardy, but are not suitable for distillation due to the long vegetation cycle ^[42] . All varieties of this class occupy less than 4% of the area of ​​Dutch plantations ^[25] .

Class 6. Lilia

English Lilyflowering (L) , Netherlands. Lelie bloemige tulp (LT)

Tulip flowers of this class have elongated tepals with pointed tips bent outward ^[22] .

In the mid-sixteenth century, it was lily-colored tulips exported from Turkey that were the first to fall into Western Europe, but because of their lack of stamina, they did not spread there ^{[18] [43]} . They came to popularity only after crossing Darwin tulips with the so-called Tulipa retroflexa ^[21] , first described in 1874 (in modern botany T. retroflexa is considered the feral form of Gesner's tulip) ^[44] . In the second half of the 20th century, crossbreeding of Gesner tulip and Greig tulip ^[45] was also used in the selection of liliaceae. New large-flowered varieties were stable, hardy, and suitable for forcing ^[21] ; however, V. A. Khondyrev notes their susceptibility to the variegated virus and low breeding coefficient ^[24] . Lily-colored tulips bloom in the middle of the season, after Darwin hybrids, but before Darwin tulips and other late varieties ^[46] .

Class 7. Fringed

English Fringed (Fr) , Netherlands. Gefranjerde tulp (FT)

Fringed or orchid tulips ^[47] , which appeared as a result of random mutations of simple tulips of the Cottage class and Darwin tulips, are late-flowering plants of medium or high growth with fringe or needle outgrowths along the edges of tepals ^[22] . The shape of the flower can be either cup-shaped or lilac-colored, and the tepals are usually much harder and stronger than in simple varieties ^[47] .

The first fringed variety 'Sundew' has been known since 1930 ^[47] . Modern varieties are the result of targeted exposure to mutagenic factors ^[21] . Compared to the original varieties, they are smaller, more capricious, and less resistant to the variegated virus ^[21] , and are therefore rare in commercial floriculture. In modern practice, they are mainly used in open ground culture ^[22] ; varieties developed on the basis of Darwin hybrids are well suited for distillation ^[47] .

Class 8. Greenflowers

English Viridiflora (V) ; niderl. Viridiflora tulp (VFT)

Tulips with wide green stripes on the outside of the tepals are included in the class of greenflowers ^{[22] [comm. 3]} . Perianths, common tulips similar to real petals, green-flowered tulips are more similar to green sepals ^[27] . Varieties of this class are the result of intentional exposure to mutagenic factors ^[21] . As well as fringed tulips, they are inferior to their ancestors in growth, stamina and are more often affected by the variegation virus ^[21] .

At the time the class was created, it included 32 registered varieties ^[29] . In the 2013–2014 season, only 21 varieties of this class were commercially grown in the Netherlands; the most widespread varieties of 'Spring Green' (1969) and 'Groenland' (1955) occupied, taken together, only 15 hectares ^{[2] [6]} .

Class 9. Rembrandt

English Rembrandt (r)

According to the plans of the compilers of the classification of 1914-1915 and 1939, the Rembrandt class should include variegated (that is, infected with a virus) forms of Darwin tulips ^{[48] [11]} . Several decades later, variegated tulips of all classes were expelled from commercial plantations, old varieties were lost, and in the 1981 edition the class combined all three varieties preserved in the culture ^[18] . Plants were massively destroyed outside the Netherlands, not only in commercial farms, but even in botanical gardens ^[49] .

In the 21st century, the class virtually ceased to exist ^[50] . In the Netherlands, cultivation of real (virus-infected) variegated tulips is prohibited and has long been eradicated, an exception was made only for historical collections like Hortus Bulborum ^[51] . In the Dutch statistics for the season 2013-2014 there is not a single Rembrandt ^[6] , nor are they in the Award of Garden Merit ^[35] . Varieties of 'Holland Queen' (1996), 'Happy Generation' (1988) and others, which are sold as Rembrandts, actually belong to the Triumph class ^[52] .

Class 10. Parrots

English Parrot (P) , Netherlands. Parkiet tulp (PT)

According to the formal definition of the classifier, parrot tulips are “Medium-sized plants. The flower is usually large and wide open, with split tepals ” ^[22] . These leaflets can have any shape other than normal: split, twisted with a screw, wavy or wrinkled ^[46] . The largest-flowered parrot, Lefeber's 'Giant Parrot' (1972), was derived from Greig's tulip and was previously classified in class 14 ^[24] ; in 2014 it belongs to the parrot class ^[2] . Due to unnaturally heavy buds and flowers, all parrot tulips often suffer from bad weather, therefore they should be planted only in places protected from the wind ^[53] .

In the 2009-2010 season, varieties of this class occupied about 4% of the area of ​​Dutch tulip plantations ^[25] . The two most popular varieties, Rococo (1942) and Super Parrot (1998) in the 2013–2014 season, occupied 65 and 47 ha, respectively ^{[2] [6]} .

Class 11. Terry Late

English Double Late (DL) , Netherlands. Dubbele late tulp (DLT)

Terry late, in contrast to terry early - tulips of medium or high growth, usually with a characteristic pion- shaped flower ^[22] . In the XVII-XIX centuries, late terry were a rarity; this is probably why their few varieties have remained unchanged for centuries ^[29] . Attempts to cross terry varieties with simple tulips have always yielded simple offspring ^[54] ; however, the late terry cultivar 'Murillo' (1860) turned out to be unusually prone to kidney mutations and gave rise to 139 registered cultivars ^[55] . Intensive breeding in this class began only in the 20th century, based on the varieties of the Triumph group ^[29] .

In the 2009-2010 season, varieties of this class occupied about 4% of the area of ​​Dutch tulip plantations ^[25] .

Section IV. Other species, their varieties and hybrids

Class 12. Kaufman Tulips

English Kaufmanniana (K) , Netherlands. Kaufmanniana (KAUF)

The Kaufman tulip attracted the attention of breeders with extremely early flowering periods and the variety of colors of flowers, which he has white, yellow, red in various variations ^[56] . Garden varieties of Kaufman tulip grow from dwarf to medium (peduncle height from 8 to 32 cm, usually 15–20 cm ^[57] ). A flower, in the bud having the appearance of a glass or bowl 6–8 cm high ^[57] , is widely revealed in the shape of a star ^[22] . Primrose, flowering usually occurs two to three weeks earlier than the Darwin hybrids ^{[22] [24]} . About half of the varieties known in the 1980s had leaves with red or purple stripes, probably due to crossing with Greig's Tulip ^[57] . Due to their low growth, Kaufman tulips are not very suitable for cutting, but are well suited for potting and container culture of open ground ^[57] . Plants, according to V. A. Khondyrev, are almost not affected by the variegated virus ^[24] , according to Yu. K. Schwarz, they are affected, but "not as often as tulips of other classes" ^[57] .

Natural forms and the first cultivars of this species are characterized by a weak tendency to vegetative propagation ^[57] . In the mid-20th century, breeders overcame this problem and created a whole class of resistant, willingly propagated varieties with a breeding rate from 2.9 to 3.8 ^[57] . In 1961 there were 116 of them, in 1981 160, but only 57 of them were included in the official register ^[57] . In the 2013–2014 season, 22 varieties of this class were commercially grown in Holland; the most popular varieties Giuseppe Verdi (1955), Showwinner (1966) and Stresa (1942) occupied an area of ​​about 6 ha each ^[6] .

Class 13. Foster Tulips

English Fosteriana (F) , Netherlands. Fosteriana (FOST)

Foster's wild-growing tulip is one of the largest flowered tulips ^[58] . With a plant height of 15 to 50 cm, flower petals in nature reach 18 cm in length and 8.5 cm in width ^[58] . The flowers have a unique double bowl shape for tulips ^[58] : the inner petals form a high, closed cylinder, and the outer ones bend to the sides at about half the height of the flower. Natural forms and many, but by no means all, cultivars are absolutely resistant to the variegated virus ^[59] . Foster tulip hybrids with Darwin tulips form class 4 ( Darwin hybrids ), Foster tulip intraspecific varieties and their hybrids with Greig tulip and other species are class 13 of the modern classification.

The plant, discovered in 1904 by agents of the Tubergen firm in Bukhara ^[26] , quickly entered the culture. Already in 1905, his samples were successfully exhibited in the UK ^[60] . The unusually large-flowered species immediately attracted the attention of breeders; The foundation of the modern nomenclature of varieties was laid in the 1930s and 1940s. In English literature, the old varieties of Foster tulips are known under the collective name Emperors (“Emperors”). Some of them, as an exception, have two names - normal and “imperial”: 'Madame Lefeber' (1931) = 'Red Emperor', 'Purissima' (1943) = 'White Emperor', 'Solva' (1940) = 'Pink Emperor'. There are also “emperors” without alternative names: 'Golden Emperor' (1957), 'Orange Emperor' (1962) ^[2] .

In the 2010s, the plantations occupied by Foster tulips were steadily declining and in the 2013/2014 season they make up less than 1%. Almost half of these areas is occupied by a single variety, `Purissima '(1943) ^[6] .

Class 14. Greig's Tulips

English Greigii (G) , Netherlands. Greigii (GREIG)

Greig's wild-growing tulip in Central Asia is a volatile plant. Flowers, usually orange-red, can be dark red, orange, yellow, or cream ^[61] . In one and the same population, in some plants the flower is located low, in the rosette of leaves, in others - on a high peduncle up to 50 cm ^[61] . Natural forms are known up to 70 cm tall, natural terry and white-flowered forms, and natural hybrids with Kaufman tulip ^[62] . An indispensable feature of all forms and hybrids, natural and cultural, is the pattern of dark red longitudinal stripes, strokes and spots on the leaves ^[22] . In culture, Greig's tulips bloom early, but later than Kaufman's tulip. This class belongs to the tulip with the largest flower ^[63] - 'Orange Giant Sunset' (2008). With a stem height of 20-30 cm, the height of the flower of this variety is 20-25 cm ^[64] .

In 2013-2014, 97 varieties of this class were cultivated in Dutch farms, which together accounted for about 1% of the plantation area ^[6] .

Class 15. Other species, their varieties and hybrids

English Other species ; niderl. Andere Species (SPC, OS)

Since 1969, all species, varieties and varieties of tulips that are not related to the species Gesner tulip, Kaufmann tulip, Foster tulip and Greig's tulip, or their hybrids, have been included in this category. This is a combined group of plants of different heights (from dwarf to medium, rarely tall), used in open ground culture ^[22] . In the onion trade, instead of the inconvenient "other species", the synonym "botanical tulips" is usually used.

In 2014, the list of 144 varieties awarded the Award of Garden Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society included 25 “botanical” forms - more than any other class ^[35] . Most of them are commercially grown in areas not exceeding one hectare; Significant areas are occupied only by a superior tulip (17.5 ha in the 2013–2014 season), late tulip (10 ha), and Turkestan tulip (5.6 ha) ^[6] . Wild-growing species are actively used in breeding, both for breeding cultural forms of these species and for hybridization with “ordinary” garden tulips ^[65] .

Duke van Toll

niderl. Duc van Tol , less commonly Duc van Thol

Duke van Toll is the oldest group of varieties of European selection, obtained by selecting seedlings of Turkish varieties ^[66] , and known by this name from the end of the XVI century. These are dwarf 15–20 cm tall, early flowering tulips, ascending not to Gesner’s tulip, but to Schrenk’s tulip ( Tulipa suaveolens ). The flowers of the 'Duc van Tol' variety itself (1595 ^[67] ) are red with a yellow border; there are also yellow, pink and purple forms. The variety was named after the Leiden notary and amateur gardener Martinus van Tol (died in 1637). “Dukes” (Duc), by the name of the Audkarspel florist Adrian Dyuyk ^[68] , in the then Holland called all the early red tulips with a yellow border; the real “duke van Toll” never existed ^{[69] [70]} .

In the 21st century, Duke van Toll tulips are grown in only a few botanical gardens and historical collections.

Breeders

English Breeders

Breeders, or Breeder tulips ^[21] are old varieties of Gesner tulip with a simple shape and dark color of flowers, bred in the XVII-XIX centuries ^[9] . English breeders in this context meant “donors”, “tribal material”: these tulips served as the basis for the creation of variegated varieties ^[71] . After infection with the variegated virus, the main, dark color of the petals and the light color of the bottom mixed in a bizarre pattern. Before the discovery of the mechanism of transmission of the virus (1928), variegation annually hit one or two tulips out of hundreds; the rarity and unpredictability of the phenomenon dictated high prices for variegated varieties and encouraged flower growers to plant more and more plantings of breeders ^[72] .

All one-color breeders (about 250 varieties), in accordance with their purpose, had dark red, purple or violet, rarely brown or bronze, “with soot” ^[71] , the color of the flower with a white or yellow bottom ^{[11] [73]} . Dutch breeders had characteristic blue, green or black spots on the bottom of the flower; в сортах английских бридеров, выведенных из голландских сортов во второй половине XIX века, пятна на донце не допускались ^{[74] [11]} . Бридеры делились по цвету на категории Rose (тёмно-розовые с белым донцем), Bizarre («бизарр» ^[9] , красные или коричневые с жёлтым донцем) и Bybloemen («библиомен» ^[9] или «библоэмен» ^[75] , пурпурные, иногда с синевой, с белым донцем). Классификация 1917—1952 годов признавала шесть классов бридеров: одноцветные Английские, Голландские, Дарвиновы тюльпаны и производные от них Пёстрые Английские, Пёстрые Голландские и Рембрандт ^[11] . В 1952—1969 годах одноцветные Английские и Голландские бридеры были объединены в один класс, а пёстрые разделены по цвету на «Рембрандтов», «бизарров» и «библоэменов» ^[10] .

Большинство бридеров, в том числе все тёмно-коричневые сорта, безвозвратно утрачены в XX веке ^[71] . В 1969 году классы бридеров были упразднены; в классификации 1996 года сохранившиеся одноцветные бридеры относятся к классу Простые поздние.

Дарвиновы тюльпаны

English Darwin Tulips

Дарвиновы тюльпаны — группа высокорослых (60—70 см ^[76] ), ярко окрашенных поздних сортов тюльпана Геснера. Цветки их имеют широкое плоское, а не сферическое донце; очертание цветка в профиль не чашеобразное, но прямоугольное. У истока этой группы сортов находилась формировавшаяся десятилетиями опытная коллекция из северной Франции ^[77] . В 1885 году коллекцию приобрела харлемская фирма Крелаге . Четыре года спустя Крелаге, заручившись согласием наследников Чарльза Дарвина , начали продавать новые сорта под торговым названием «Дарвиновы тюльпаны» ^{[78] [77]} . В то время в цветоводстве происходил поворот от выращивания штучных пестролепестных тюльпанов к массовым посадкам однотонных сортов, и новые сорта с высокими, крепкими цветоносами как нельзя лучше подходили для этой задачи ^[79] . Англичане голландскую новинку приняли, пусть и не сразу, и в силу традиции причислили её к «высокому» (в отличие от «низкого» класса Коттедж ) кругу бридеров ^{[78] [комм. 4]} . В классификации 1917 года они были выделены в отдельный класс раздела бридеров с пометкой «жёлтый цвет и жёлтые тона не допускаются»: такая окраска делала тюльпан непригодным для «выведения» пестролепестных форм ^[78] . В классификации 1939 года это ограничение было снято ^[34] .

После Второй мировой войны Дарвиновы тюльпаны были вытеснены из коммерческих хозяйств своими потомками — Дарвиновыми гибридами и тюльпанами Триумф ^[9] . В 1981 году класс был упразднён, а его сорта включены в сборный класс Простые поздние ^{[9] [22]} .

Менделевы тюльпаны

English Mendel Tulips

Менделевы тюльпаны были выведены фирмой Крелаге в 1910-е годы скрещиванием Дарвиновых тюльпанов с тюльпанами Дюк ван Толь. Первые образцы нового класса цвели в 1915 году, а экспонировались в 1921 году ^[34] . От Дарвиновых тюльпанов они унаследовали внешний облик, от тюльпанов Дюк ван Толь — скороспелость, и потому были востребованы в коммерческом цветоводстве ^[34] . Так же, как и Дарвиновы тюльпаны, они вышли из моды в 1960-е годы. В современной классификации сохранившиеся сорта Менделевых тюльпанов относятся, в зависимости от сроков цветения, к классам Простых ранних или Триумф ^[22] .

Коттедж

English Cottage Tulips

Английские цветоводы первой половины XX века называли «деревенскими» или «простонародными» тюльпанами (cottage tulips) все сорта, которые не удовлетворяли запросам ценителей бридеров и пёстрых тюльпанов, но всё же считались пригодными для украшения сада ^[80] . В эту категорию попадали, например, все лишённые антоциана и потому не способные служить бридерами ^{[комм. 5]} белые и жёлтые сорта, и все лилиецветные сорта — и обычные, и ретрофлексы ^{[80] [9]} . После многочисленных ревизий группа Коттедж была разделена на современные классы простых поздних, лилиецветных, зеленоцветковых и бахромчатых тюльпанов ^[22] .

Тюльпаны Баталина, Тубергена и Эйхлера

Три класса для культиваров этих видов были введены в реестре сортов 1960 года одновременно с классами тюльпанов Фостера, Кауфмана и Грейга; всего в составе этих шести классов тогда насчитывалось 437 сорта ^[9] . Тюльпаны Баталина, Тубергена и Эйхлера оказались неустойчивыми в культуре открытого грунта ^[21] ; тем более они были непригодны к выгонке. Селекционеры и промышленники потеряли к ним интерес, и в реестре 1969 года эти классы были упразднены ^[21] , а включенные в них сорта перемещены в класс прочих видов и разновидностей. В XXI веке были упразднены и сами названия этих видов:

• Тюльпан Баталина ( Tulipa batalinii Regel 1889) ныне считается синонимом Tulipa linifolia Regel 1884 ^[82] ;
• Тюльпан Тубергена ( Tulipa tubergeniana Hoog 1904) — синоним Tulipa ingens Hoog 1902 ^[83] ;
• Тюльпан Эйхлера ( Tulipa eichlerii Hoog 1904) — синоним Tulipa undulatifolia var. undulatifolia Boiss. 1844 ^[84] ;

Сорта тюльпана Баталина по-прежнему культивируются под старым ботаническим названием. Вся группа сортов Tulipa linifolia (Batalinii) и два входящих в неё сорта ('Bright Gem', 'Red Hunter') удостоены премии Award of Garden Merit Королевского садоводческого общества ^[35] .

Многоцветковые тюльпаны

Многоцветковые или «букетные» ( англ. Bouquet tulip ^[85] ) тюльпаны, как следует из названия, дают несколько цветков из одной луковицы. Этим свойством обладают многие виды и их садовые культивары, но не тюльпан Геснера ^{[комм. 6]} ; долгое время в пределах этого вида были известны лишь редкие, непредсказуемые случаи многоцветковости ^[86] . Относительно часто, но непредсказуемо она наблюдалась в старых сортах 'Murillo' (1860) ^{[комм. 7]} и 'Proserpine' (1875) ^[87] . Одним из первых многоцветковых сортов тюльпана Геснера был 'Русский богатырь' А. И. Тютюнникова (1923), но и у него многоцветковость наблюдалась лишь в отдельных отборных луковицах ^[86] . Современные стабильно многоцветковые сорта появились лишь в последней четверти XX века. Цветоводы неоднократно пытались убедить Королевскую ассоциацию по луковичным культурам ввести для многоцветковых тюльпанов отдельный класс, но этот класс так и не появился. Сорта, продаваемые как многоцветковые, по-прежнему относятся к одному из пятнадцати признанных классов (обычно Триумф или Простые поздние).

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