Egyptian Khediwat

In 1517 the Mamluk Sultanate was conquered and annexed by the Ottoman Empire. Syria , Hejaz , Barka were disconnected from Egypt, and Egypt itself was managed as an ejaleth . Most of the time, the central Ottoman government neglected the territory, which led to the fact that in 1798 Egypt became a field of struggle for Anglo-French interests.

By 1805, the new Governor Mohammed Ali, appointed by Mehmed Ali Pasha , began a series of reforms, using foreign, mainly French advisers; he turned Egypt into a quasi-independent state. Egypt was of great strategic importance, as it passed through the land route from the Mediterranean to Suez . Muhammad Ali also self-proclaimed himself a khedive, despite the fact that he was granted only a title wali. The annoyed Ottoman government nevertheless did nothing until Ali invaded Ottoman Syria in 1831 . For his help during the Greek War of Independence, Mahmoud II promised to rule Syria, but did not recognize the title after the end of the war, and then, in alliance with the British, attacked the Egyptians in an effort to regain lost Syria.

In 1840, the British bombarded Beirut , and Anglo-Ottoman forces landed at Acre and captured it. The Egyptian army was forced to retreat home, according to the results of the London Convention of 1840, Muhammad Ali returned all the occupied territories except Sudan, of which he became governor.

By 1848 Muhammad Ali was already quite old, so the Ottoman Sultan decided to transfer power to his son Ibrahim Pasha. However, a few months later, Ibrahim Pasha died of tuberculosis , outliving his father who died in 1849 for a short time.

After him, Abbas I Khilmi began to rule, abolishing many of the reforms of Muhammad Ali, but in 1854 he was killed by Muhammad Said Pasha , who returned many of his father’s reforms during his 9-year rule. After him, his nephew Ismail Pasha began to rule Egypt. Relations with the Ottomans were formalized, and the Sultan acknowledged Ismail’s use of the title of Khedive. Khediwat became dependent on the Ottomans only formally. The Ottomans transferred the ports of Suakin ( Sudan ) and Massawa ( Eritrea ) to Egypt. In 1869 the construction of the Suez Canal was completed. Egypt extended its power along the west coast of the Red Sea right up to Cape Guardafui . Khediwat tried to seize Abyssinia in 1875, but it failed.

The exorbitant costs led to the fact that by 1876 Egypt's foreign debt amounted to 94 million pounds, which had nothing to pay. Khedive Ismail sold the Egyptian part of the Suez Canal company shares to the British government (45%), but this did not save the situation, which forced him to declare Egypt’s state bankrupt on April 8, 1876. European lenders (British and French lenders) began to control the expenses and incomes of Egypt, but came to the conclusion that under such a management system, the debt was not repaid and forced Ismail to introduce representatives who had established new taxes to the government, which caused dissatisfaction with both the khedive and population.

In response, the British and French pressed the sultan, and he displaced Ismail Pasha, appointing in 1879 the new Khedive Taufik. Unrest swept the country more and more, the chief mufti of Egypt, Muhammad Abdo, supported the popular movement. It also enjoyed the support of the army led by Colonel Ahmed Arabi , who began his speech in 1881. In September 1881, after the demonstration of military force by the British, he dismissed the Prime Minister. Khedive Taufik was forced to make concessions to the nationalists, letting their representative head the government in February 1882, making Arabi become Minister of War, almost abolishing European control over the country's budget. In April 1882, France and Britain sent their warships to Alexandria to demonstrate their power and support the Khedive to Alexandria , causing fears of invasion in the country. On May 25, England and France demanded that the Khedive disperse the government and expel Oraby from the country. Taufik agreed, but could not fulfill it, because by June Egypt was almost in the hands of the nationalists, so he asked for help from the British and the Turks, but, unlike Britain, the Brilliant Port refused to help. The bombing of Alexandria weakly influenced the rebels, which forced England to go on military intervention, when in August the British expeditionary forces landed on 2 sides of the Suez Canal. During the battle of Tel el-Kebir, British troops defeated the Egyptian army, returning power to Taufik, who had been removed by the coup.

In 1885, an Mahdi uprising began in Egyptian Sudan, but Britain showed no interest in helping the Egyptian government. When the Egyptian troops evacuated the garrisons from Sail and the Berbers, the British entered these territories and annexed them as British Somaliland . In 1898, when the return of the Sudan was in the British interest, Egypt was asked to help with this, and Sudan was proclaimed Anglo-Egyptian Sudan as a condominium.

With the Ottomans declaring the war of the British Empire during the First World War, Britain stopped recognizing the formal sovereignty of the Ottomans over Egypt. Formally, the British occupation ended after the removal of the last Khedive Abbas II on November 5, 1914 and the establishment of the Sultanate headed by Hussein Kamil on December 19, and with it the Egyptian Hediwat ended.

• Mahdist Sudan
• Rise of the Mahdists
• British occupation of egypt
• Urabi mutiny
• Egypt under the rule of Muhammad Ali
• The seizure of power by Muhammad Ali

1. ↑ https://books.google.fr/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA44 - p. 44.