Bashkir economy

On the territory of Bashkortostan, it was still in the iron, then in the Bronze Ages mining and processing of iron was carried out to develop silver ore.

In the 9th-12th centuries, the Bashkir tribes in the metallurgical industry existed, there were blacksmiths specializing in the manufacture of weapons, jewelry, etc. The presence of numerous trade ties allowed them to exchange goods with distant neighbors. Already at that time, the relations of the Bashkirs with their neighbors were of a commercial and monetary nature. However, this did not result in sedentary cattle-breeding and agricultural labor at that time.

Traditionally, the basis of the Bashkir economy was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The Bashkirs mainly kept horses and sheep, for which it was not necessary to store large quantities of feed for the winter, cattle, and camels in the southern and eastern regions. The poor Bashkir owner had horses from 10 to 20, the rich owned herds and herds up to 1000-2000 animals ^[1] . During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829, the Bashkirs set up about a thousand camels for the army, provided Russian military expeditions to the Kazakh steppes with camels. The Bashkirs were engaged in hunting, including falconry ^[2] , fishing, flight-hunting, gathering wild fruits (wild rose, bird cherry, raspberry, mushrooms, wild garlic, etc.), plant roots.

Bashkirs in winter lived in single huts, and in summer in yurts. Small amounts of millet, barley, spelled, wheat, and hemp were grown. Their agricultural implements had a wooden plow, plow, frame harrow. In the summer we went to the nomads, since the cattle, including horses, were on the pasture throughout the year. Wandered in the steppes near the water, in mountain-forest areas - in glades and valleys with lakes and streams. Summer dwellings at the Bashkirs were felt wagons. The poor built booths.

Since the 17th century, semi-nomadic cattle breeding has been losing its importance and the role of agriculture and apiary beekeeping is growing. In the northwestern regions, already in the 18th century, agriculture became the main occupation of the Bashkirs, in the south and east the nomadism continued until the beginning of the 20th century. In the first half of the 18th century, the industrial exploitation of ore deposits in the region began (Zilairsky, Kaginsky, Lower and Upper Avzyansky plants) ^[3] .

By the beginning of the 19th century, there were three economic regions in the region:

• Agriculture in the North-Western part of Bashkortostan. The main form of farming in the region was agriculture, supplemented by stall cattle breeding, hunting, fishing and beekeeping.
• Settled cattle-breeding and agricultural in the North Trans-Urals and South-West Bashkortostan. In the region, along with agriculture, cattle breeding also played an important role.
• Cattle-breeding with poor agricultural development was divided into settled-cattle-breeding and cattle-breeding subareas. The cattle-breeding district was located in the Northwest, North, North-East and East of the city of Ufa. ^[four]

By the beginning of the 20th century, Bashkortostan had become a livestock-breeding area. The presence of ore deposits allowed smelting cast iron, iron, silver. In the first half of the 20th century, the Bashkirs from all over the country survived the First World War, the change of state system, the Civil War, collectivization (1929-1932) ^[5] , famine, Stalin's repressions, World War II. In the course of collectivization, the liquidation of economically independent small owners in the countryside took place. The Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic delivered 71 thousand horses, a large number of equipment, food, fuels and lubricants only in the Great Patriotic War. Many took part in the wars themselves. This affected the ruin and desolation of the peasant farms of the Bashkirs ^[6] . The households had to be restored and rebuilt.

In the second half of the 20th century, oil, gas, ore and other deposits were developed in Bashkortostan, cities, chemical and petrochemical plants were built. In Bashkortostan, as well as throughout the country, the material and technical base of communism was created. Many Bashkirs moved to new cities ( Salavat , Kumertau ). To carry out the chemicalization of the national economy ^[7], scientific and engineering personnel were needed. Higher educational institutions and universities were opened for training personnel in the republic. All this changed the economic way of life of the Bashkirs. The houses included computers, cars, agricultural machinery. However, despite the presence of commodity cattle breeding, there were no meat products in the republic's stores, and later bread. Meat, sausage was taken from Moscow stores. This ended with the introduction of cards for food, vodka, cigarettes and, finally, the introduction in the 90s of free market prices and the devaluation of 10 thousand times the monetary savings of the population.

At the end of the twentieth century, public ownership of the means of production was replaced by private and state. Bashkirs got the opportunity to have means of production in their economy, to hire workers. At the beginning of the XXI century, privatization and resale of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Bashkortostan took place in the interests of a small number of people. The results of the privatization of a number of the largest enterprises of the republic are disputed in 2014 ^[8] .

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