Joseph Izrailevich Liberberg ( October 27, 1899 , Starokonstantinov , Volyn Province , Russian Empire - March 9, 1937 , Moscow , USSR ) - Soviet scientist, politician and statesman, first chairman of the executive committee of the Jewish Autonomous Region . He was arrested during the Stalinist repression in 1936, shot in 1937 and rehabilitated posthumously in 1956.
Joseph Izrajlevich Liberberg | |||||||
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Head of the government | Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich | ||||||
Predecessor | position established | ||||||
Successor | Kattel Mikhail Abramovich | ||||||
Birth | Starokonstantinov , Volyn Province , Russian Empire | ||||||
Death | Moscow , USSR | ||||||
Burial place | New Don Cemetery | ||||||
Father | Israel Liberberg | ||||||
Mother | the Rose | ||||||
Spouse | Hope | ||||||
Children | daughter Tatiana | ||||||
The consignment | KP (b) Y | ||||||
Academic title | Corresponding Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences | ||||||
Scientific activity | |||||||
Scientific field | story | ||||||
Place of work | Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture |
Content
Biography
Childhood and youth
Born on October 27, 1899 in the district town of Starokonstantinov, Volyn province, in the family of clerk Israel Liberberg and corsetset Rose. He was the fourth child in the family. In 1913 he graduated from the four-year school in Vinnitsa , where the family had previously moved. Subsequently, Joseph's father found work in Kiev and the family moved to the outskirts of the city of Slobodka, since Jews in Kiev itself had no right to live [2] .
In Kiev, Joseph gave private lessons, earning 15-20 rubles a month and he studied in a private gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1917. After high school, he entered the historical-philological faculty of Kiev University . He did not graduate from the university because he was engaged in revolutionary activities. [2] .
In 1917, Joseph joined the Jewish Social Democratic Labor Party of Poalei Zion . At the end of 1918, he moved to Komfarband , and in June 1919, KP (B) U joined with Komfarband [2] . The formation of Joseph in those years was significantly influenced by Moshe Rafes - one of the major political figures of Bund and Evsection (1883–1942) [3] .
Joseph voluntarily joined the Red Army and took part in the struggle against the Petliurists . Then he was seconded to recruit Jewish revolutionary youth in the Red Army, to participate in underground work in the Poltava province and party work in Berdichev . Took part in various conferences, including the work of the Kiev Conference, and also at the age of 21 participated as a delegate from Kiev in the Third Conference of the EuroSection, held in Moscow from 4 to 11 July, 1920 [4]
In 1920, Joseph married the sugar producer Abram Goldstein’s daughter Nadezhda. On May 3, 1921, their daughter Tamara was born [5] .
Scientific and government work
In 1923, Joseph worked at the Higher Military-Political School in Kiev and taught the history of the revolutionary movement in Western Europe . In 1924, Joseph Lieberberg was transferred to work at the Kiev Institute of National Economy . He lectured at this and other universities in Kiev in Russian, Ukrainian and Hebrew . In 1926, he was appointed head of the Department of Jewish Culture of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine [6] . Lieberberg, through the party organs, succeeded in turning the department into the largest Yiddish research center in Soviet Russia [7] .
Under the leadership of Liberberg, the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture was created. By the early 1930s, the main focus of the institute’s work was the development of issues related to the processes of creating future Jewish autonomy in the Far East [8] . In the fall of 1934, Joseph Liberberg was elected a corresponding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and was appointed chairman of the organizing committee of the Jewish Autonomous Region . On December 8, 1934, the First Regional Congress of Soviets was held, after which Joseph Liberberg was elected Chairman of the Regional Executive Committee at the Plenum [9] .
His personal acquaintance with scientists, writers, poets played an important role in their subsequent visit to Birobidzhan . In 1935, on his initiative, decisions were made on the use of Yiddish as the official language of the region along with Russian [10] .
In May 1935, Lieberberg took part in negotiations in Moscow on the relocation of Jews from abroad and the allocation of a commodity loan for construction in the Jewish Autonomous Region. With the direct participation of Lieberberg, the construction of a number of industrial enterprises, housing and other facilities is being launched in the region [11] . Despite the authority and extensive contacts, Lieberberg had problems in relations with the First Secretary of the Regional Committee of the CPSU (b) Matthew Havkin . The environment of both leaders of the region also clashed with each other, divided into "Kiev" and "Smolensk" [12] .
Arrest, Investigation, Execution and Rehabilitation
In August 1936, Joseph Liberberg was summoned to Moscow with a report to the meeting. On August 20, on the evening of his arrival, he was arrested by the NKVD at the Metropol Hotel and taken to the commandant's office of the Administrative and Economic Department of the NKVD of the USSR [13] . A week after his arrest, he was transported to Kiev, where a resolution was issued on August 29 - detention in the special prison of Kiev Prison [14] . The first interrogation took place on September 2, 1936. He was charged with participating in a counter-revolutionary Trotsky-terrorist organization.
On September 9, 1936, the Presidium of the Regional Executive Committee of the Jewish Autonomous Region decided:
- To remove I. I. Liberberg from the post of chairman of the regional executive committee, to exclude him from the members of the plenum and the presidium of the executive committee of the JAR.
- To ask the Dalcray Executive Committee to exclude I. I. Liberberg from the members of the plenum and the Dalcray Executive Committee presidium.
- To request the USSR Central Executive Committee to exclude I. I. Liberberg from the Central Executive Committee members [15] .
Until October 15, 1936, Lieberberg categorically denied his guilt. From October 19, 1936, he began to give "confessions" of testimony [16] .
In the fall of 1936, Liberberg's wife, Nadezhda, took the child and personal belongings and secretly left Birobidzhan for Kiev, where she was able to see her husband twice on dates in prison. Joseph believed that at the trial the absurdity of the charges would become apparent [17] .
On March 7, 1937, Lieutenant of State Security, Grozny, an assistant to the head of Section 3, Department 4 of the UGB of the NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR, signed an indictment in case No. 123 on the charge of I.I. Liberberg for crimes under Art. Art. 54-8, 54-11 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR, and approved by the head of the 4th division of the GUGBB NKVD of the USSR, state security commissioner 3rd rank Kurskiy and the USSR Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky [18] .
On March 9, 1937, a closed court session of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was held , chaired by the army warrior Vasily Ulrich , with the participation of members Nikolai Rychkov and Ivan Zaryanov , with Secretary Alexander Batner. The meeting lasted only 10 minutes. According to the verdict, “The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Liberberg Joseph Izrailevich to the highest criminal punishment — to be shot with the confiscation of all his personal property. The verdict is final, not subject to appeal, and on the basis of the Decree of the CEC of the USSR of December 1, 1934, is subject to immediate execution ” [19] .
In the evening, March 9, 1937, Joseph Lieberberg was shot. He is buried in Donskoy Cemetery [20] . The wife of Lieberberg was convicted on December 27, 1937 by a Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR as a member of the family of a traitor to the Motherland for 8 years of corrective labor camps . She served time in Akmola camp office. Released on October 6, 1945 at the expiration of the sentence [21] .
On May 30, 1956, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR issued a definition: “... the sentence of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of March 9, 1937 in relation to Liberberg Iosif Izrailevich on newly discovered circumstances was canceled and the case was discontinued due to the absence of corpus delicti.” The family was given a certificate that Joseph Liberberg allegedly died on July 26, 1938 while serving a sentence [22] .
Ratings
In the monograph of Chaim Sloves "Jewish Soviet Statehood", published in Yiddish in France in 1979, it is noted:
The tremendous success of the first two years of the autonomous region was the success of the Kalinin doctrine, which Lieberberg undertook to implement step by step, consistently, to the end, without ado and declarations, with great courage, constantly with new initiatives.
Sloves considers the JAR project unsuccessful from the point of view of Jewish statehood, but a good spiritual project. The role of local historian and researcher Iosif Brener [23] evaluates the role of Liberberg as extremely important in the creation of Jewish autonomy.
The name of Lieberberg was hushed up not only in the USSR, but also in post-Soviet Russia. So, it is not mentioned in the first Encyclopedic Dictionary, released in the field in 1999 [24] .
Family
Liberberg's daughter Tamara Iosifovna left Kiev in the early days of the war and married a classmate from Donetsk . She worked as a teacher of physics at the Zhytomyr Pedagogical Institute . She died in 1992. The mother of Joseph Liberberg Frida remained in Kiev and died at Babi Yar [25] .
Tatyana has a daughter and granddaughter of Joseph Liberberg, Irina Novitskaya [26] .
See also
- List of Heads of the Jewish Autonomous Region
- History of the Jewish Autonomous Region
Notes
- ↑ Tutunina, P.P., et al. Administrative-territorial structure of the Jewish Autonomous Region, 1858-2003 .. - Khabarovsk: RIOTIP, 2004. - P. 337. - 352 p. - ISBN 5-88570-171-7 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Brener, 2013 , p. 23.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 24
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 25
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 28-30.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 31.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 34
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 34-35.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 39
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 43.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 46-48.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 99
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 48-49.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 50.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 51.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 51-53.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 55.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 56-57.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 57.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 57-58.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 59.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 58.
- ↑ Brener, 2013 , p. 20.
- ↑ Brener I. The Liberberg Family . WE ARE HERE, No. 386. The date of circulation is November 5, 2014.
- ↑ Brener I. Liberberg-Holstein Nadezhda Abramovna // Birobidzhaner Shtern . - 02.03.2011. - No. 15 (14208) . Archived November 5, 2014.
- ↑ The granddaughter of the first chairman of the regional executive committee of the JAR said hello to the residents of the region . eaomedia.ru (July 12, 2012). The appeal date is November 5, 2014.
Literature
- Brener I.S. Country Birobidzhan. - Birobidzhan: FGBOU VPO "PSU them. Sholem Aleichem, 2013. - 252 p. - 1000 copies - ISBN 978-5-8170-0207-2 .