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Dry keratoconjunctivitis

Dry keratoconjunctivitis ( lat. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca , KCS ), also called dry eye syndrome ( DES ) [1] or dry keratitis [1] , is an eye disease caused by dry eyes , which, in turn, It is caused either by a decreased production of tears , or by an increased evaporation of a tear. It is found in humans and some animals. CVH is one of the most common diseases affecting 5-6% of the population. The incidence rate rises to 6–9.8% in postmenopausal women [2] and amounts to as much as 34% in older people [3] . The phrase "keratoconjunctivitis sicca" is Latin , and its translation is "dryness ( inflammation ) of the cornea and conjunctiva ."

Dry keratoconjunctivitis (Dry Eye Syndrome)
ICD-10H 19.3
ICD-9370.33
Omim
Medlineplus000426
eMedicinearticle / 1196733 article / 1210417
MeshD007638

Symptoms

Continued use of the computer often causes dry eye symptoms.

Typical symptoms of dry keratoconjunctivitis are dryness, burning [4] and irritation with a feeling of sand in the eyes, intensifying throughout the day [1] . Symptoms can also be described as itching [4] , scratching [5] , stinging [4], or tired [4] eyes. Other symptoms are pain [6] , redness [6] , tightness [4], and pressure behind the eye [4] . There may be a sensation that in the eye there is something [4] like a grain of dirt [6] . The resulting damage to the surface of the eye enhances discomfort and sensitivity to bright light [4] . Both eyes are usually affected [7] . Viscous discharge from the eyes may also be present [6] . Although this may seem strange, dry eye syndrome can cause watery eyes [6] . This can happen because the eyes are irritated [6] . Someone may experience excessive tearing, similar to as if something got into the eye [6] . This does not mean that such reflex tears will necessarily improve the well-being of the eyes [6] . This is due to the fact that these are watery type tears produced in response to damage, irritation or emotion [6] . They do not have the lubricating properties necessary to prevent dry eye syndrome [6] .

Since blinking covers the eye with tears [6] , the symptoms worsen during activities in which the frequency of blinking decreases due to prolonged eye function [4] . Such activities include long reading [1] , using a computer [1] [4] [6] , driving [4] or watching TV [4] [6] . Symptoms increase in windy [6] , dusty [4] [6] or smoky (including cigarette smoke [6] ) areas [1] [4] in dry rooms [1] [4] , in a dry environment [1] [ 4] , at high altitudes, including airplanes [7] , on days with low humidity [4] and in areas where air conditioning [6] is used (especially in the car [4] ), fan [4] , heater [4 ] or even a hair dryer [6] . Symptoms lessen in cold, rainy or foggy weather and in humid rooms such as showers [4] .

Many people with dry eye syndrome experience mild irritation with no long-term effects [6] . However, if the disease is not treated or if it becomes more severe, it can cause complications that can cause damage to the eye [6] , which leads to impaired vision or (rarely [4] ) to loss of vision [6] . Symptom assessment is a key component in diagnosing dry eye syndrome - to the point that many people think dry eye syndrome is a symptomatic disease. Several questionnaires have been developed to determine a scale that would allow for the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome. Clinical studies of dry eye syndrome often use a questionnaire to identify McMonnie and Ho dry eye syndrome .

Pathophysiology

The presence of dry eye syndrome for some time can lead to "microcracks" on the surface of the eyes [1] . In advanced cases, the epithelium undergoes pathological changes, namely squamous metaplasia and loss of goblet cells [1] . Some severe cases lead to thickening of the surface of the cornea, erosion of the cornea [1] , point keratopathy [1] , epithelial defects [1] , neovascularization of the cornea [1] , scarring of the cornea [1] , thinning of the cornea [1] and even its perforation [1] .

Reasons

Damage to any of the three layers of the tear film leads to instability of the tear film, which causes symptoms of dry keratitis [1] .

Decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation

 
The meibomian glands (signed as Opening of tarsal glands ) contain a secret that lubricates the cornea and conjunctiva of the eyes.

Typically, dry keratoconjunctivitis is caused by impaired tear production due to decreased tear secretion or increased evaporation of the tear [1] [4] . Decreased tear production is most often found at an older age (after 60 years), especially in postmenopausal women [4] [8] (the meibomian glands producing secretions stop functioning properly, which leads to tear deficiency and a “dry eye”) .

Increased volatility is primarily associated with reduced blinking: a tear evaporates from the surface of the eye, and does not have time to “fill up” due to blinking.

Reasons include idiopathic and congenital alacrimia , xerophthalmia , ablation of the lacrimal gland and sensory denervation [1] . In rare cases, this can be a symptom of vascular collagenosis, including rheumatoid arthritis [4] , Wegener's granulomatosis [1] , systemic lupus erythematosus [1] , Sjogren’s syndrome [4], and autoimmune diseases associated with Sjögren’s syndrome are also conditions associated with insufficiency of tear fluid [1] .

Medicines such as isotretinoin [4] , sedatives [4] [7] , diuretics [4] , tricyclic antidepressants [7] , antihypertensive drugs [4] , oral contraceptives [1] [4] , antihistamines [1] [ 4] [6] , nasal decongestants [6] , beta-blockers [1] , phenothiazines [1] , atropine [1] and pain medications opioids such as morphine [7] can cause or worsen this condition.

Infiltration of the lacrimal glands with sarcoidosis or tumors , post-radiation fibrosis of the lacrimal glands can also cause this condition [1] .

Recently, doctors have been paying close attention to the composition of tears in healthy individuals and individuals with dry eye syndrome. It was found that only a small part of the 1,543 proteins [9] of tears, in particular [10] , is differentially deficient or elevated in dry eye syndrome. Topical lacritin promotes lacrimation in rabbits in preclinical studies [11] - it is considered as one of the drugs that can be used in the treatment of dry eye syndrome.

Additional Reasons

 
About half of all people who wear contact lenses complain of dry eye syndrome

One of the most common causes of dry eye syndrome is aging [6] . This is due to the fact that with age, the production of tears decreases [6] .

Other causes include thermal or chemical burns or (in epidemic cases) adenoviruses .

A number of studies have found that diabetics are at risk for this disease [12] [13] .

About half of all people who wear contact lenses complain of dry eye syndrome [6] . There are two possible connections between using contact lenses and dry eye syndrome. It was traditionally believed that soft contact lenses floating on a tear film covering the cornea absorb tears in the eyes [6] . However, it is now also known that the use of contact lenses damages the nervous sensitivity of the cornea, which can subsequently lead to decreased production of tears by the lacrimal gland and dry eye syndrome. The effect of contact lenses on the nerve sensitivity of the cornea has been reliably established for hard contact lenses, as well as for soft and hard gas-permeable contact lenses [14] [15] [16] . The relationship between this loss of nervous sensitivity and the production of tears is the subject of ongoing research [17] .

Dry eye syndrome also occurs or worsens after laser keratomiliasis ( LASIK ) and other refractive surgeries in which the nerves of the cornea are cut during the creation of the corneal flap [6] (the nerves of the cornea stimulate the secretion of tears [6] ). Dry eye syndrome caused by these procedures usually disappears after a few months, but may be permanent [7] . People thinking about refractive surgery should keep this in mind [6] .

An eye injury or other eye or eyelid problem, such as exophthalmos or ptosis of the upper eyelid , can cause dry keratoconjunctivitis [5] . Diseases of the eyelids can disrupt the complex blinking movement necessary for the distribution of tears [7] . An eye injury or disease leading to Boehm's syndrome can be aggravated by dry eye syndrome.

Anomalies of the lipid layer of tears caused by blepharitis and rosacea, and anomalies of the mucin layer of tears caused by vitamin A deficiency , trachoma , diphtheria keratoconjunctivitis, mucocutaneous diseases and some topical medications are the causes of dry keratoconjunctivitis [1] .

Individuals with dry keratoconjunctivitis have elevated levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) [1] . It is possible that this NGF of the ocular surface plays an important role in inflammation of the ocular surface associated with dry eye syndrome [1] .

Diagnostics

 
Eye examination with a slit lamp

Dry eye syndrome can usually be diagnosed only by symptoms [4] . Tests can determine both the quantity and quality of tears [7] . To diagnose dry eye syndrome and confirm any damage to the eye, an examination can be performed using a slit lamp [1] [4] .

Using a Schirmer test, you can measure the amount of moisture washing the eye [4] . This test is useful in determining the severity of the condition [6] . A five-minute Schirmer test is performed with or without anesthesia using Whatman No. 41 filter paper with a width of 5 mm and a length of 35 mm [1] . For this test, hydration less than 5 mm with or without anesthesia is considered a diagnosis of dry eye syndrome [1] .

If the results of the Schirmer test are abnormal, you can run the Schirmer II test to measure reflected secretion [1] . In this test, the nasal mucosa is irritated with a cotton swab, after which tear production is measured using Whatman No. 41 filter paper [1] . For this sample, humidification less than 15 mm after five minutes is considered abnormal [1] .

The tear breakup time (TBUT ) test measures the time required to break a tear in the eye [6] . The tear film rupture time can be determined by placing a drop of fluorescein in the lacrimal sac [1] .

A tear protein test measures the lysozyme contained in tears [1] . Lysozyme in tears is responsible for approximately 20-40 percent of the total protein content [1] .

The test with analysis for lactoferrin provides a good correlation with other tests [1] .

The presence of the recently described molecule, a natural component of tears, is abnormally high in various conditions of ocular dryness. This molecule can be quantified biochemically simply by taking a tear sample using a standard Schirmer test. Using this method, it is possible to determine the concentration of Ap4A in the tears of patients and in this way objectively diagnose whether the samples indicate dry eye syndrome [18] .

The tear osmolarity test is one of the most advanced dry eye syndrome tests [19] . Tear osmolarity may be a more sensitive method for diagnosing and grading the severity of dry eye syndrome compared with staining of the cornea and conjunctiva, tear film rupture time, Schirmer's breakdown and meibomian gland certification [20] . TearLab ( San Diego , USA ) is of the opinion that their Osmolarity System is the first objective and quantitative test to diagnose and treat patients with dry eye syndrome and uses a laboratory test on a chip requiring 50 nl of tears. Others recently questioned the practical value of tear osmolarity in the control of dry eye syndrome treatment [21] .

Treatment

A variety of treatment approaches can be used. They can be summarized as follows: avoiding irritating factors, stimulating the production of tears, improving retention of tears, cleaning the eyelids, and treating eye inflammation [22] .

General recommendations

Dry eye syndrome can be aggravated by a smoky environment, dust and air conditioning, and our natural tendency to reduce the frequency of blinking when concentrated. Purposeful blinking, especially when using a computer , and giving rest to tired eyes are the main steps that can be taken to minimize discomfort [22] . Eye rubbing can lead to even more irritation, so it should be avoided [7] . Dry eye syndrome may be accompanied by such conditions as blepharitis , therefore it is necessary to pay special attention to cleansing the eyelids in the morning and evening with mild shampoos and warm compresses, it can improve both conditions [22] .

Environmental Monitoring

Dry, smoke and dust environments should be avoided. [4] This also includes hair dryers, heaters, air conditioners or fans, especially when they are aimed at the eye. [7] Wearing glasses or looking down, for example, by lowering the height of computer screens, can be useful for protecting the eyes when environmental aggravations cannot be eliminated. [7] Using a humidifier , [4] [5] especially in winter, [5] can help by adding moisture to the dry air in the room. [7] [22]

Restore water balance

For mild to moderate cases, additional lubrication is the most important part of treatment. [one]

Artificial Tears

The use of artificial tears every few hours [4] can provide temporary relief.

Autologous Serum Eye Drops

None of the commercially available artificial tear preparations include basic components such as drops of epidermal growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibronectin , neurotrophic growth factor , and vitamin A - all of which have been shown to play an important role in maintaining a healthy ocular surface of the epithelial medium. Drops of autologous eye serum contain these important factors. However, there are some contradictions regarding the effectiveness of this treatment. At least one study [23] showed in a randomized control study that this method is more effective than artificial tears.

Additional features

Lubricating tear ointments can be used throughout the day, but they are usually used during sleep due to poor vision after use. [1] They contain white petrolatum, mineral oil and similar ointments. [1] They serve as a lubricant and emollient. [1] Application requires lowering the eyelid down and applying a small amount (0.25 inches) inward. [1] Depending on the severity of the condition, it can be applied every hour or just before bedtime. [1] They should never be used with contact lenses. [1] Specially designed glass that forms a moisture chamber around the eyes can be used to create additional moisture. [7]

Medication

The inflammation that occurs in response to hypertension of the tear film can be reduced with mild topical steroids or topical immunosuppressants such as Restasis ( cyclosporine ). [24] [25] Elevated levels of NGF cleavage can be reduced with 0.1% prednisone . [one]

Consumption of fish and ω − 3 fatty acids

Consumption of dark-body fish containing dietary omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decrease in the frequency of dry eye syndrome in women. [26] This result is consistent with postulated biological mechanisms. [26] Initial experimental work on Omega-3 has shown promising results when used topically [27] or in oral form. [28] A randomized, double-blind study (that is, when neither patients nor researchers know what the English double-masked is currently testing), published in 2013 to evaluate the effects of DHA triglyceride (omega-3; Brudy Sec 1.5), showed significant results compared with other methods that are used. [29]

Cyclosporin, Restasis

Topical cyclosporine (topical cyclosporin, TCSA) 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion is an immunosuppressant sold in the United States by Allergan under the brand name Restasis. [1] Approved as a prescription product by the Food and Drug Administration [6] in 2002, the drug reduces superficial inflammation. [7] It is thought to act through the inhibition of maturation [30] of transcription factors necessary for the production of cytokines and T-lymphocytes . [31] In a study of 1,200 people, Restasis increased tear production in 15% of people, compared to 5% in the placebo group. [6]

Typically, 1 drop of Restasis is instilled into each eye twice a day, with a 12 hour gap. [1] It should not be used when wearing contact lenses, [1] during eye infections [6], or in people with a history of herpes viral infection. [7] Side effects include a burning sensation (general), [6] redness, discharge, lacrimation, eye pain, foreign body sensation, itching, burning, and blurred vision. [1] [6] Long-term use of high doses of cyclosporine is associated with an increased risk of cancer [32] [33]

Generic Alternative Medicines

Cheaper generic Restasis alternatives are available in some countries. In India, it is sold under the name Cyclomune Po Sun Pharma. [34]

Eye Protection

Scleral lenses

The scleral lens is a large contact lens that lies on the sclera and creates a repository of tears on the cornea. In dry eyes, this lens moisturizes the cornea, reducing blurred vision due to a dry eye and alleviating dry eye pain caused by sensitive nerves in this area. The lens also protects the surface of the eye from further damage due to the absence of tears, and promotes the healing of the ocular surface. The scleral lenses used for dry eyes are oxygen permeable, but cannot be worn overnight and must be disinfected between uses. Semi-finished products of scleral lenses for dry sore eyes can be adjusted from a set of available lenses empirically, which lasts for several days, weeks or months. New technologies now allow you to fine-tune scleral lenses after obtaining a non-invasive 3D digital image of the patient’s eye using devices such as an optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanner. Digital images can also be manipulated to enable vision correction and direct wavefront optics, [35] which allows most patients with a dry eye to achieve a certain level of vision improvement, while some users have reached a level of vision of 20/15 or even better. [36] There have been periodic complaints by contact lens users of clouding of scleral lenses, but this problem has been reduced by more convenient methods and improved options for additional eye drops.

Dentures

PROSE (протезирование экосистемы глазной поверхности ) — итеративный лечебный процесс, который использует специально разработанные протезы, чтобы облегчить симптомы сухого глаза для людей, страдающих различными тяжелыми заболеваниями роговицы. [37] [38] [39] [40] PROSE протезы огибают сухую, повреждённую роговицу, опираясь на нечувствительную склеру.

Увлажняющие камеры

Увлажнительной камерой являются защитные очки, которые частично закрывают область вокруг глаз, чтобы сохранить влагу. Увлажнительные камеры бывают в виде одиночной повязки, защитных очков, стёкол, или ночных колпаков. Часто они являются поролоном с подкладкой. Некоторые непрозрачные версии имеют вставку, которая может быть увлажнена или нагреваться и оставаться теплой в течение ночи. В прозрачных увлажнительных камерах с хорошими уплотнениями часто появляется туман из-за влаги в ловушке внутри, поэтому они не должны использоваться, когда требуется острота зрения, при вождении, например.

Сохранение слёз

Есть методы, которые позволяют замедлить испарение как природных, так и искусственных слёз. [7]

Блокировка оттока слёз

В каждом глазу существуют две слёзные точки [41] — маленькие отверстия, которые источают слезы в слёзные протоки [6] . Существуют методы, позволяющие частично или полностью закрыть слёзные протоки. [7] Это блокирует поток слёз в нос, и, таким образом, увеличивает доступность слёз для глаз . [4] Дренаж в одной или обеих слёзных точках в каждом глазе может быть заблокирован.


Окклюзия слёзных точек

Пунктальные штекеры вставляются в слёзные точки для блокировки слезоточивого дренажа. [6] Для тех, кому не приносят облегчение страданий от сухого глаза лекарства, пунктальные пробки могут помочь. [6] Они зарезервированы для людей с умеренной или тяжелой формой сухого глаза, когда другое лечение не было адекватным. [6]

Прижигание

Если пунктальные пробки являются эффективными, может быть выполнено тепловое [7] или электрическое [1] прижигание слёзных точек. При тепловом прижигании используется местный анестетик, а затем прикладывается горячая проволока. [7] Это сжимает ткани слёзной точки и вызывает рубцевание, которое закрывает слёзный проток. [7]

Хирургическое вмешательство

В тяжелых случаях кератоконъюнктивита может быть выполнена тарзорафия , когда веки частично сшиваются вместе. Это уменьшает глазную щель (разделение века), что в идеале приводит к снижению испарения. [four]

Прогнозирование

Сухой кератоконъюнктивит обычно хроническая проблема. [7] Его прогноз показывает значительные колебания, в зависимости от тяжести состояния. [1] Большинство пациентов имеют от слабых до умеренных случаев, которые могут лечиться симптоматически смазочными веществами. [1] Это обеспечивает адекватное облегчение симптомов. [one]

Когда симптомы сухих глаз являются серьёзными, они могут мешать качеству жизни . [6] Люди иногда чувствуют, что их зрение расплывается, [4] или сильное раздражение [4] до такой степени, что они имеют проблемы с удержание глаз открытыми [6] или они не в состоянии работать или водить машину. [6]

Профилактика

Не существует способа предотвращения сухого кератоконъюнктивита. [42] Осложнения могут быть предотвращены путём смачивания и использования смазочных капель и мазей. [42]

Эпидемиология

Сухой кератоконъюнктивит является относительно распространённым в Соединённых Штатах, и особенно у пожилых пациентов. [1] В частности, лица, которые вероятнее всего подвергнутся этому синдрому, будут лица в возрасте 40 лет и старше. [7] Сухой кератоконъюнктивит, по оценкам, затрагивает от 10 % до 20 % взрослых, от 1 до 4 000 000 в возрасте от 65 до 84 лет в Соединённых Штатах. [43]

В то время как люди с аутоиммунными заболеваниями имеют высокую вероятность наличия синдрома сухого глаза, большинство людей с синдромом сухого глаза не имеет аутоиммунных заболеваний. [7] Случаи синдрома Шегрена и связанного с ним сухого кератоконъюнктивита сейчас гораздо чаще у женщин, с соотношением 9: 1. [1] Кроме того, более мягкие формы сухого кератоконъюнктивита также более часто встречается у женщин. [1] Это отчасти потому, что гормональные изменения, [7] , такие как те, которые происходят во время беременности, менструаций, в менопаузе, [7] могут уменьшить производство слезы. [6]

В районах мира, где недоедание является всеобщим, дефицит витамина А — общая причина. [42] Это редко встречается в Соединённых Штатах. [42]

Расовых предпочтений для этого заболевания не существует. [one]

Встречаемость у животных

Среди животных сухой кератоконъюнктивит встречается у собак, кошек и лошадей. [44]

Встречаемость у собак

Сухой кератоконъюнктивит часто встречается у собак. В большинстве случаев бывает вызван генетической предрасположенностью, но хронический конъюнктивит , чумка собак и такие препараты, как сульфасалазин и ко-тримоксазол , также могут вызвать болезнь. [45] Симптомы включают покраснение глаз, жёлтые или зеленоватые выделения, язву роговицы , пигментацию роговицы и кровеносные сосуды в роговице. Диагноз ставится путём измерения продукции слезы тестом Ширмера . Менее 15 миллилитров слёз, произведённых в минуту — это ненормально. [45]

Заменители слёз являются основой лечения, предпочтительно содержащие метилцеллюлозу или карбоксиметилцеллюлозу . [45] Циклоспорин стимулирует производство слезы и действует в плане подавления процессов, опосредуемых иммунной системой , которые вызывают заболевание. Актуальные антибиотики и кортикостероиды иногда используются для лечения вторичных инфекций и воспаления. Хирургия, известная как транспозиция выводного протока околоушной слюнной железы , используется в некоторых крайних случаях, когда лечение не помогло. Эта операция перенаправляет путь от околоушной слюнной железы в глаза. Слюна заменяет слезы. Собаки, страдающие от вишневого глаза, должны иметь скорректированное состояние, чтобы помочь предотвратить это заболевание.

Обычно пострадавшие породы включают:

  • Кавалер кинг чарльз спаниель
  • Бульдог
  • Шар-пей
  • Лхаса апсо
  • Ши-тцу
  • Вест-хайленд-уайт-терьер
  • Мопс
  • Ищейка
  • Кокер-спаниель
  • Пекинес
  • Бостон-терьер
  • Цвергшнауцер
  • Самоед [45]

Встречаемость у кошек

Сухой кератоконъюнктивит является редкостью у кошек . В большинстве случаев, как представляется, вызывается хроническим конъюнктивитом, особенно вторичным по отношению к ринотрахеиту . [45] Диагностика, симптомы и лечение аналогичны тем, которые используются для собак.

See also

  • Кератоконъюнктивит
  • Ксерофтальмия

Links

  • Препараты для профилактики и лечения синдрома сухого глаза (неопр.) . http://www.aif.ru . Аргументы и факты : Лекарственный справочник № 5 22/04/2014 (7 мая 2014). Дата обращения 21 сентября 2014. Архивировано 21 сентября 2014 года.

Further reading

In Russian
  • Бржеский В. В., Сомов Е. Е. Клиническая диагностика и лечение больных с сухим кератоконъюнктивитом на почве синдрома Съегрена //Офтальмохирургия и терапия. — 2001. — Т. 1. — №. 1. — С. 42-46.
  • Бржеский В. В., Сомов Е. Е. Синдром «сухого глаза» //СПб.: Аполлон. — 1998. — 96 с.
  • Майчук Ю. Ф., Яни Е. В. Выбор лекарственной терапии при различных клинических формах болезни сухого глаза //Офтальмология.-2012.-4.-С. — 2012. — С. 58-64.
  • Полунин Г. С. и др. Новая клиническая классификация синдрома сухого глаза //Рефракц. хирургия и офтальмология. — 2003. — Т. 3. — №. 3. — С. 53-56.
  • Полунина Е. В., Румянцева О. А., Кожухов А. А. Синдром сухого глаза в офтальмологической практике //Лечащий врач. — 2004. — №. 7. — С. 54-57.
На прочих языках
  • Maskin, Steven L. Reversing Dry Eye Syndrome: Practical Ways to Improve Your Comfort, Vision, and Appearance . — Yale University Press , 2007-05-28. — ISBN 978-0-300-12285-5 .
  • Latkany, Robert. The Dry Eye Remedy: The Complete Guide to Restoring the Health and Beauty of Your Eyes . — Hatherleigh Press, 2007-04-03. — ISBN 978-1-57826-242-7 . Архивная копия от 6 октября 2011 на Wayback Machine
  • Patel, Sudi. The Dry Eye: A Practical Approach . — Butterworth-Heinemann , 2003-04-10. — ISBN 978-0-7506-4978-0 . Архивная копия от 7 июня 2011 на Wayback Machine
  • Geerling, Gerd. Surgery for the Dry Eye: Scientific Evidence and Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Dry Eye Associated Ocular Surface Disease . — S. Karger AG , June 2008. — ISBN 978-3-8055-8376-3 .
  • Asbell, Penny A. Dry Eye Disease: The Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis And Treatment . — Thieme Medical Publishers , November 2006. — ISBN 978-1-58890-412-6 . Архивная копия от 24 сентября 2009 на Wayback Machine

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 C Stephen Foster. Dry Eye Syndrome (неопр.) . WebMD LLC (20 февраля 2014). Дата обращения 12 сентября 2014. Архивировано 12 сентября 2014 года. (eng.)
  2. ↑ Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women (англ.) // American Journal of Ophthalmology . — 2003. — August ( vol. 136 , no. 2 ). — P. 318—326 . — DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00218-6 . — PMID 12888056 . (eng.)
  3. ↑ Lin PY, Cheng CY, Hsu WM, Tsai SY, Lin MW, Liu JH, Chou P. Association between symptoms and signs of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study (англ.) // Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science : journal. — 2005. — May ( vol. 46 , no. 5 ). — P. 1593— . — DOI : 10.1167/iovs.04-0864 . — PMID 15851556 . (eng.)
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (неопр.) . The Merck Manual, Home Edition . Merck & Co., Inc. (1 февраля 2003). Дата обращения 12 ноября 2006. (англ.)
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Dry eyes (неопр.) . MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia . US National Library of Medicine (4 октября 2006). Дата обращения 16 ноября 2006. (англ.)
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Michelle Meadows. Dealing with Dry Eye (неопр.) . FDA Consumer Magazine . US Food and Drug Administration (May–June 2005). Архивировано 23 февраля 2008 года. (eng.)
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Dry eyes (unspecified) . Mayo Clinic . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (June 14, 2006). Date accessed November 17, 2006. (Eng.) Error in the footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> : name “MayoClinic-1” defined several times for different content
  8. ↑ Sendecka M., Baryluk A., Polz-Dacewicz M. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome (neopr.) // Przegl Epidemiol. - 2004. - T. 58 , No. 1 . - S. 227-233 . - PMID 15218664 .
  9. ↑ Zhou L., Zhao SZ, Koh SK, Chen L., Vaz C., Tanavde V., Li XR, Beuerman RW In-depth analysis of the human tear proteome (neopr.) // J Proteomics. - 2012. - July ( t. 75 , No. 13 ). - S. 3877-3885 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.jprot.2012.04.05.053 . - PMID 22634083 .
  10. ↑ Karnati R., Laurie DE, Laurie GW Lacritin and the tear proteome as natural replacement therapy for dry eye (Eng.) // Exp. Eye Res. : journal. - 2013 .-- June ( vol. 117 ). - P. 39-52 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.exer.2013.05.020 . - PMID 23769845 .
  11. ↑ Samudre SS, Lattanzio FA, Lossen V., Hosseini A., Sheppard JD, McKown RL, Laurie GW, Williams PB Lacritin, a Novel Human Tear Glycoprotein, Promotes Sustained Basal Tearing and is Well Tolerated // Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science : journal. - 2010 .-- November ( vol. 52 , no. 9 ). - P. 6265-6270 . - DOI : 10.1167 / iovs.10-6220 . - PMID 21087963 .
  12. ↑ Kaiserman I., Kaiserman N., Nakar S., Vinker S. Dry eye in diabetic patients (Eng.) // American Journal of Ophthalmology . - 2005. - Vol. 139 , no. 3 . - P. 498-503 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ajo.2004.10.022 . - PMID 15767060 .
  13. ↑ Li H., Pang G., Xu Z. Tear film function of patients with type 2 diabetes (Eng.) // Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao: journal. - 2004. - Vol. 26 , no. 6 . - P. 682-686 . - PMID 15663232 .
  14. ↑ Millodot M. Effect of long term wear of hard contact lenses on corneal sensitivity (English) // JAMA : journal. - 1978. - Vol. 96 , no. 7 . - P. 1225-1227 . - DOI : 10.1001 / archopht.1978.03910060059011 . - PMID 666631 .
  15. ↑ Macsai MS, Varley GA, Krachmer JH Development of keratoconus after contact lens wear. Patient characteristics (English) // JAMA : journal. - 1990. - Vol. 108 , no. 4 . - P. 534-538 . - DOI : 10.1001 / archopht.1990.01070060082054 . - PMID 2322155 .
  16. ↑ Murphy PJ, Patel S., Marshall J. The effect of long term daily contact lens wear on corneal sensitivity (Eng.) // Cornea: journal. - 2001. - Vol. 20 , no. 3 . - P. 264-269 . - DOI : 10.1097 / 00003226-200104000-00006 . - PMID 11322414 .
  17. ↑ Mathers WD, Scerra C. Dry eye; investigators look at syndrome with new model (English) // Ophthalmol Times: journal. - 2000. - Vol. 25 , no. 7 . - P. 1-3 .
  18. ↑ A. Peral, G. Carracedo, MC Acosta, J. Gallar, J. Pintor. "Increasing Levels of Diadenosine Polyphosphates in Dry Eye" (2006) Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47 (9): 4053-4058 [1]
  19. ↑ Tomlinson, A. DEWS Report, Ocular Surface April 2007 Vol 5 No 2 (neopr.) . - 2007. - April.
  20. ↑ American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea / External Disease Panel. 2011 Preferred Practice Pattern® (PPP) guidelines : journal. - 2011. - October.
  21. ↑ Amparo F., Jin Y., Hamrah P., Schaumberg DA, Dana R. What is the Value of Incorporating Tear Osmolarity Measurement in Assessing Patient Response to Therapy in Dry Eye Disease? (English) // American Journal of Ophthalmology : journal. - 2013 .-- September ( vol. 157 , no. 1 ). - P. 69—77.e2 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ajo.2013.07.01.019 . - PMID 24060433 .
  22. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Lemp MA. Management of Dry Eye (Neopr.) // American Journal of Managed Care. - 2008. - T. 14 , No. 4 . - S. S88 — S101 . - PMID 18452372 . (eng.)
  23. ↑ Kojima T. , Higuchi A. , Goto E. , Matsumoto Y. , Dogru M. , Tsubota K. Autologous serum eye drops for the treatment of dry eye diseases. (English) // Cornea. - 2008 .-- Vol. 27 Suppl 1. - P. 25-30. - DOI : 10.1097 / ICO.0b013e31817f3a0e . - PMID 18813071 .
  24. ↑ Tatlipinar S., Akpek E. Topical cyclosporine in the treatment of ocular surface disorders (Eng.) // British Journal of Ophthalmology : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 89 , no. 10 . - P. 1363-1367 . - DOI : 10.1136 / bjo.2005.070888 . - PMID 16170133 .
  25. ↑ Barber L., Pflugfelder S., Tauber J., Foulks G. Phase III safety evaluation of cyclosporine 0.1% ophthalmic emulsion administered twice daily to dry eye disease patients for up to 3 years (Eng.) // Ophthalmology : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 112 , no. 10 . - P. 1790-1794 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ophtha.2005.05.01.013 . - PMID 16102833 .
  26. ↑ 1 2 MiljanoviÄ ‡ B., Trivedi K., Dana M., Gilbard J., Buring J., Schaumberg D. Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 ​​fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women ) // The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 82 , no. 4 . - P. 887–893 . - PMID 16210721 .
  27. ↑ Rashid S., Jin Y., Ecoiffier T., Barabino S., Schaumberg M., Dana R D. Topical Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Treatment of Dry Eye (English) // JAMA : journal. - 2008. - Vol. 126 , no. 2 . - P. 219-225 . - DOI : 10.1001 / archophthalmol . 2007.61 . - PMID 18268213 .
  28. ↑ Creuzot C., Passemard M., Viau S., Joffre C., Pouliquen P., Elena PP, Bron A., Brignole F. Improvement of dry eye symptoms with polyunsaturated fatty acids (English) // J Fr Ophthalmol: journal. - 2008. - Vol. 29 , no. 8 . - P. 868-873 . - PMID 17075501 .
  29. ↑ Oleñik A., Jiménez-Alfaro I., Alejandre-Alba N., Mahillo-Fernández I. A randomized, double-masked study to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in meibomian gland dysfunction // Clinical Interventions in Aging : journal. - 2013 .-- Vol. 8 . - P. 1133-1138 . - DOI : 10.2147 / CIA.S48955 . - PMID 24039409 .
  30. ↑ Micromedex Healthcare Series, (electronic version). Thomson Micromedex, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. Available at: http://0-www.thomsonhc.com.library.uchsc.edu:80 (cited: 09/05/06).
  31. ↑ Barber LD, Pflugfelder SC, Tauber J., Foulks GN Phase III safety evaluation of cyclosporine 0.1% ophthalmic emulsion administered twice daily to dry eye disease patients for up to 3 years (Eng.) // Ophthalmology : journal. - 2005 .-- October ( vol. 112 , no. 10 ). - P. 1790-1794 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ophtha.2005.05.01.013 . - PMID 16102833 .
  32. ↑ Restasis ( unopened ) (PDF). Allergan (January 2008). Date of treatment July 23, 2008.
  33. ↑ Dantal J., Hourmant M., Cantarovich D., Giral M., Blancho G., Dreno B., Soulillou JP. Effect of long-term immunosuppression in kidney-graft recipients on cancer incidence: randomized comparison of two cyclosporin regimens // The Lancet : journal. - Elsevier , 1998 .-- Vol. 351 , no. 9103 . - P. 623-628 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (97) 08496-1 . - PMID 9500317 .
  34. ↑ Sun Pharma Product List (neopr.) . Sun Pharma. Date of treatment November 27, 2006. Archived February 13, 2007.
  35. ↑ Gemoules, Gregory Wavefront Lens Process - Simplified (neopr.) . LaserFit. Date of treatment May 13, 2014.
  36. ↑ Fassbender, Melissa Restoring sight with laser fit lenses (unopened) (link not available) . Medical Design Technology. Date of treatment January 1, 2014. Archived on February 3, 2015.
  37. ↑ Stason WB, Razavi M., Jacobs DS, et al. Clinical benefits of the Boston Ocular Surface Prosthesis (Eng.) // American Journal of Ophthalmology : journal. - 2010 .-- January ( vol. 149 , no. 1 ). - P. 54–61 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ajo.2009.07.07.037 . - PMID 19878920 .
  38. ↑ Papakostas TD, Le HG, Chodosh J., Jacobs DS Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem as Treatment for Ocular Surface Disease in Patients with a History of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Eng.) // Ophthalmology : journal. - 2014. - October. - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ophtha.2014.08.08.015 . - PMID 25282251 .
  39. ↑ Jacobs DS, Rosenthal P. Boston scleral lens prosthetic device for treatment of severe dry eye in chronic graft-versus-host disease (English) // Cornea: journal. - 2007 .-- December ( vol. 26 , no. 10 ). - P. 1195-1199 . - DOI : 10.1097 / ICO.0b013e318155743d . - PMID 18043175 .
  40. ↑ Rathi VM, Mandathara PS, Vaddavalli PK, Srikanth D., Sangwan VS Fluid filled scleral contact lens in pediatric patients: challenges and outcome (Eng.) // Contact Lens & Anterior Eye: journal. - 2012 .-- August ( vol. 35 , no. 4 ). - P. 189-192 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.clae.2012.03.001 . - PMID 22459875 .
  41. ↑ Carter SR Eyelid disorders: diagnosis and management (Eng.) // American Family Physician . - 1998 .-- June ( vol. 57 , no. 11 ). - P. 2695-2702 . - PMID 9636333 .
  42. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Dry eyes syndrome (neopr.) . MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia . US National Library of Medicine (October 4, 2006). Date of treatment November 16, 2006.
  43. ↑ Ervin AM, Wojciechowski R., Schein O. Punctal occlusion for dry eye syndrome (Eng.) // Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . - 2010 .-- Vol. 9 . - P. CD006775 . - DOI : 10.1002 / 14651858.CD006775.pub2 . - PMID 20824852 .
  44. ↑ Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca (neopr.) (Inaccessible link) . The Merck Veterinary Manual . Merck & Co., Inc. . Date of treatment November 18, 2006. Archived March 16, 2007.
  45. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Gelatt, Kirk N. (ed.). Veterinary Ophthalmology. - 3rd. - Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999 .-- ISBN 0-683-30076-8 .
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_Keratoconjunctivitis&oldid=101508142


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