The footnote number , the footage is part of the light marking of some types of film : special digital or alphanumeric characters that are imprinted on the edge of the perforation and appear together with the captured image [1] . The rooms are located along the entire length of the film at a distance of one foot from each other, which is why they got their name [2] . The digital value of the symbols continuously increases in increments of one, and their number is selected so that each footage number is unique. Such marking is used only on negative films and films intended for optical sound recording . Combinations of characters are not repeated within a single batch of film, nor in its various varieties, nor from different manufacturers.
In modern television and film production, the word "footage" is often used as a transliteration of the English. Footage , and refers to the unmounted source film or video material.
Content
Purpose
Footage numbers are used when editing movies , since the original negative can be cut and mounted only after the final installation of working positive [3] [4] . When printing, footage numbers are printed with a photocopier on the edge of the positive, and the original is sent for storage. To prevent overlapping images of footage numbers on their own marking of positive film, they are always located on the opposite side from the generally accepted for other types of light marks. After the installation of positive and its approval, the editor receives the negative from the warehouse and mounts it in strict accordance with the footage numbers printed on the positive and entered in the installation card [5] . The phonogram negative is mounted in the same way by the footage numbers of the working phonogram positive.
This technology ensures the best preservation of the original negative in contact with the tape paths of film copying equipment and editing tables to a minimum [4] . On Soviet negative 35-mm films , as well as on films for optical sound recording , seven-digit digital footage numbers were printed with a pitch of 64 perforations [6] . According to GOST 26569–85, on negative films with a width of 70 mm, the interval between foot numbers was 70 perforations, and 16 mm was 40 perforations. Inverted professional films (OCH-T-180, TsO-T-90LM) were also provided with footage numbers through every 40 perforations [7] . On some varieties, instead of footage, meter numbers were printed [8] . Each subsequent number differed from the previous one by one, providing accurate identification of any frame of the original negative. The numbers remained unique to all types and batches of film throughout the industry.
Kodak Keykode System
In 1990, Eastman Kodak improved footage numbers by adding, in addition to legible characters, Kodak Keykode bar codes (in some Keycode sources) read by readers of editing tables and other equipment [9] . Currently, such marking is generally accepted and used by all manufacturers of film strip. Code characters are repeated every 30.48 centimeters (16 frames or 1 foot) on a 35 mm film and every 15.24 cm (20 frames) on a 16 mm. On a large-format negative 65 mm film, the interval between foot numbers is 120 perforations.
The standard marking consists of three groups of alphanumeric characters, the first of which indicates the manufacturer of the film and its type, the second is the number of the emulsion and roll, and the third is the actual footage number of four digits. When reading a barcode, the same numbers and letters are displayed. The second and third groups of marking numbers have increasing numbering in increments of one. The frame located opposite the point imprinted after the footage number is considered “zero” and serves to count all the other frames located between adjacent numbers [P 1] . The frames following the “zero” are indicated by their indentation from it in the number of frames, which is added with the “+” sign to the footage number [10] . For example, the code KU 22 9611 1802 + 02 denotes the second frame after the "zero", located opposite the code point KU 22 9611 1802. Since the footage numbers are unique, each frame of any film can be uniquely identified in this way. In cases where the location of the film must be determined with an accuracy of one perforation, another digit is added to the code through a dot. Such a refinement is most often required in case of a non-standard frame pitch, for example, in the Super-35 format version with a step of 3 perforations.
Barcode footage numbers are read by modern editing tables or film scanners and can be entered into the database used to search for the desired negative clip in the warehouse or for digital non-linear editing. In addition, a digital code is used to synchronize images and phonograms recorded on different media. In this case, the time code recorded in the phonogram automatically correlates with the bar code of the footage numbers on the film [11] .
See also
- Address Time Code
- Bar code
- Film
- Installation
Notes
- ↑ On a 16 mm film, a dot is printed over the first group of character numbers
Sources
- ↑ Glossary of Cinematic Terms, 2007 , p. 210.
- ↑ Futage numbers . Dictionary of media terms . Studio "Perspective". Date of appeal September 13, 2014. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Kodak Keykode Technology and its Application, 2007 , p. 151.
- ↑ 1 2 Konoplev, 1975 , p. 366.
- ↑ Films and their processing, 1964 , p. 159.
- ↑ Motion picture editing technology, 1968 , p. 37.
- ↑ Seven-digit films for professional cinematography and television. Marking, packaging, transportation and storage . GOST 26569–85 . GOSTs, SNiPs, SanPiNy, etc. (June 26, 1985). Date of treatment January 8, 2015.
- ↑ Films and their processing, 1964 , p. 21.
- ↑ Kodak Keykode Technology and its Application, 2007 , p. 149.
- ↑ Kodak Keykode Technology and its Application, 2007 , p. 150.
- ↑ Kodak Keykode Technology and its Application, 2007 , p. 152.
Literature
- J. Butovsky, I. Wigdorchik. Technology for editing films / T. S. Zinoviev, L. O. Eisymont. - M.,: “Art”, 1968. - 127 p.
- E.A. Iophis . Chapter VII. The positive process // Films and their processing / V. S. Bogatova. - M.,: “Art”, 1964. - S. 175-230. - 300 s.
- B. N. Konoplev . Fundamentals of film production / V. S. Bogatova. - 2nd ed .. - M .: "Art", 1975. - 448 p. - 5,000 copies.
- Kodak Keykode Technology and its Application // The Essential Reference Guide for Filmmakers = Filmmakers' Quick Reference. - Rochester: Eastman Kodak , 2007 .-- S. 149-157. - 214 p.
- Glossary of Cinematic Terms // The Essential Reference Guide for Filmmakers = Cinematographer's Quick Reference. - Rochester: Eastman Kodak , 2007 .-- S. 189-213. - 214 p.
Links
- KODAK KEYKODE Numbers Kodak . Date of appeal September 13, 2014.