Urdu language morphology

Urdu pronouns are divided into several groups by value. Negative pronouns in Urdu are absent; instead, negative constructions with indefinite pronouns are used. According to the nature of changes and functions in the sentence, pronouns are divided into pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, pronouns-numerals ^[1] .

Personal, possessive

Personal pronouns in Urdu are used in several forms: in the direct (without postposition) and indirect (with postposition) cases, and also some of them have special forms with the postpositions کا ، نے ، کو kȃ, ne, ko. Of these, the form with the postposition елو ko is not strictly required, but it is often used, especially in colloquial speech. A form with کا kȃ without other postpositions has the meaning of a possessive pronoun, but can also be part of complex postpositions (in this case, the pronoun is still used in a special form, and the postposition is always omitted). The ending of the form with the postposition کا kȃ corresponds to the ending, which in this case should be in this postposition without the pronoun ^{[2] [3] [4]} . In addition, the pronoun آپ ȃp in the postpositions میں meƞ and کا kȃ can sometimes take the form آپس ȃpas ^[1] .

By value, the personal pronouns of Urdu are significantly different from the corresponding Russian pronouns.

In the first person: مَیں mɛƞ is used as the Russian "I", and ہَم ham - as "we" and, in some cases, "I".

In the second person: تم tum is used as “you” and “you (you)” when referring to well-known people, friends, relatives, etc. آپ ȃp - in the same meaning with a polite, respectful address to elders by age, rank, position, to new people. تُو to, tu means “you” and is used to express either close, intimate (with children, lovers) relationships, or, in their absence, emphasized disrespect, contempt, rudeness ^{[1] [3] [4]} .

In the third person there are two pronouns - یَہ ye and وه wo, which are also indicative pronouns - the first for objects within sight, as well as for well-known, recently mentioned things, the second for people and distant objects out of sight of the speaker ^[4] . In relation to people, یَہ ye is never used. Also sometimes (now very rarely) آپ ȃp is used. After plural pronouns, the word لوگ log "people" can sometimes be put to emphasize plurality. The possessive pronoun آپنا ȃpnȃ is correlated with any person (compare with Russian “my own”), most often replaces other possessive pronouns (eg: میں آپنا کام کر رہا ہوں mɛƞ ȃpnȃ kȃm kar rahȃ hoƞ “I do my work”) ^[1] . It can also be used along with possessive pronouns, while having the meaning of emphasized belonging to someone (eg: یہ میری آپنی چیز ہے ye meri ȃpnȋ çȋz hɛ “This is my personal thing”) ^[3] .

Index

All demonstrative pronouns in Urdu vary in numbers and cases, can replace both the noun, and the adjective, and the numeral ^[1] .

The words یہ ye and وہ wo change like the corresponding personal pronouns, and mean, respectively, “this (close)” and “that (far)”.

The words اَیسا ɛsȃ and وَیسا wɛsȃ can change both as a noun and as an adjective, depending on what they replace in the sentence (differences in the vocabulary are manifested in the form of an indirect plural case, in “adjectives” the ending is replaced by ـے e , and for "nouns" - on ـوں oƞ). They differ from یہ ye and وه wo in meaning - اَیسا ɛsȃ and وَیسا wɛsȃ designate an item by attribute, but they do not always act as a definition (compare with Russian: “we don’t need such” - replaces noun, “A sort of scoundrel” - replaces the adj.) The combination of the pronouns اَیسا and وَیسا (that is, ایسا ویسا ) means “ordinary, ordinary, insignificant, any” ^[1] .

Also, the indicative words used are اب ab “now”, تب tab “then”, یہاں yahȃƞ “here”, وہاں wahȃƞ “there”, اِده‍ر idʰar “here”, اُده‍ر udʰar “there”, اِتنا itna “so much (close)”, اُتنا utna “so much (far)” ^{[3] [4]} . The last two pronouns change according to the pattern of nouns ^[1] .

Interrogative

The pronouns کیا kya and کون kɔn in front of the postposition نے ne in the plural are of the form کِنہوں kinhoƞ. The form with the postposition کو ko they have - units. h. کِسے kise, plural hours - کِنہیں kinheƞ. Instead of کیا kya, it can be used (mainly after the postpositions کا ، کو ، سے ، کے لئے ka, ko, se, kelye) its archaic unchanging form کاہے kȃhe ^[1] .

The immutable are the pronouns کَہاں kahȃƞ “where, where”, کَب kab “when” and کِده‍ر kidʰar “in which direction; where ” ^[3] .

The form کیسے kɛse also means “how, how” ^[4] .

The pronouns کیا kya, کونسا kɔnsa and کیسا kɛsa differ in meaning: کیا kya requires a name in the answer, کونسا kɔnsa - a name or definition isolated from a well-known group of objects, کیسا kɛsa - any definition of an already known subject ^[1] .

Others

The following are used as reflexive pronouns in Urdu: آپ ȃp, خود xȗd, آپنا ȃpnȃ. They are combined with postpositions, most often it is کو ko, while آپ ȃp and آپنا ȃpna are never combined with the postposition کا kȃ. Only آپنا ȃpna is modified according to the model of adjectives in ‍ا . Sometimes the pronoun آپ ȃp in the postposition میں mɛƞ has the form آپس ȃpas. The combination of آپنا ȃpna in the right form with آپ ȃp means the act of the object itself on the subject, (eg: میں نے آپنے آپ کو کوس ڈالا meƞ ne ȃpne ȃp ko kos ḍȃlȃ - “I scolded myself”) ^[1] .

In Urdu there are several relative pronouns: جو jo (indirectly جس jis, after نے ne has the form جِنہوں jinhoƞ, and after کو ko جِسے jise or جِنہیں jinheƞ is used) - “which; the one that ", indicates the subject, جَیسا jɛsa -" which, which "indicates quality, جِتنا jitna-" which how many "indicates the quantity, جب jab -" when, " جہاں jahȃƞ - “where”, جِده‍ر jidʰar - “in which direction; to where ” ^{[1] [3]} .

In Urdu, the definitive pronouns include:

1) The pronouns خود xȗd and آپ ȃp indicate that the object itself performs the action. They are usually used with personal pronouns and animate proper names. آپ ȃp is located only after the defined, and خود xȗd can stand in front of him, and after. Often they are amplified by the particle i hi. Also, to emphasize the meaning of these pronouns can be used in combinations آپ ہی آپ ȃp hi ȃp, آپنے آپ ȃpne ȃp, آپنے آپ ہی ȃpne ȃp hi or خود به خود xȗd ba xȗd.

2) The pronoun سب (in the indirect case سبہوں sabhoƞ) sab indicates the totality.

3) The pronouns سارا ، سموچا ، تمام sȃrȃ, samȗçȃ, tamȃm are combined only with nouns and indicate either the totality (that is, interchangeably with سب sab), or the completeness of the coverage of an object or phenomenon, for example: بیچارا ااچل Beçȃra sȃri rȃt çalta rahȃ - "The poor thing went all night (that is, the whole)."

4) The pronoun ہر har is used with singular nouns and indicates several objects, emphasizing each of them separately, for example: ہر شخص اس کے سلام دے رہا تها har şaxs us ke salȃm de rahȃ tha - “Everyone greeted him " ^{[1] [4]} .

Of the indefinite pronouns, there are those that are used only with countable words, for example کئی kai “several (a few)” and چند çand “several (a little)”.

The pronoun کوئی koi (in the indirect case - کسی kisi) “someone, some” is used in the meaning “any of the many” (cf. ایک ek “someone, one of the many”). Compare offers: تمہارے پاس کوئی لغت ہے (یا نہیں)؟ Tumhȃre pȃs koi luğat hɛ (yȃ nahiƞ)? “Do you have any vocabulary (or not)?” - تمہارے پاس ایک لغت ہے (یا دو)؟ Tumhȃre pȃs ek luğat hɛ (yȃ do)? “Do you have one dictionary (or two)?” With ordinal numbers, this pronoun means “about” (eg: کوئی دو بجے koi do baje “some two hours; about two hours”.

The pronoun کچه‍ kuçʰ, if it is in the position of the name, means "something, something," and in the position of definition - "a few, a little." It does not change, as a rule, it does not connect with postpositions (instead, the combination کوئی چیز koi çȋz “some thing” is used, for example: کسی چیز پر kisi çȋz par “on something; on some thing”) . Also indefinite pronouns are کَہیں kahiƞ “somewhere, somewhere” and کبه‍ی kabʰi “once” ^[4] .

In Urdu, there are correlative pronouns, of which سو so. It is used in the main parts of complex sentences with the جو jo alliance in the introductory part, for example: جو ہوا سو ہوا jo hua - so hua "What happened, what happened." Also, it can be used in the meaning of the introductory word “so, so, that's why,” for example: یہاں میں ہی ایک مہمان ته‍ا ، سو جا رہا ہوں yahȃƞ meƞ hi ek mehmȃn tʰa - so ja rahȃ huƞ “Here I was a guest, and now I'm leaving ” ^[1] .

Also, the relative pronoun is تیسا tɛsȃ, which is used in combination with جیسا jɛsȃ, for example: جیسا تیسا jɛsȃ-tɛsȃ “ordinary, ordinary”, جیسے کا تیسا jɛse kȃ tɛsȃ “unchanged; such as before ”, جیسے کو تیسا jɛse ko tɛsȃ“ relating in the same way; paying the same. " It can also be used in combination ایسا کی تیسا ɛsa ki tɛsa "to hell ... [something]" ^[1] .

Name forms

Infinitive

The infinitive of the verb in Urdu always ends in ‍‍ـنا -nȃ and represents the name of the masculine action (that is, for example: آنا ȃnȃ means both “come, come” and “come, come”). When ‍‍ـنا -nȃ is dropped from the infinitive, the stem of the verb ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} remains. The infinitive combines both verbal and nominal functions. As a verb form, the infinitive has the meaning of transitive or intransitive action; may be distributed by indirect additions and circumstances; may form a passive voice; can act as an independent predicate, while having the meaning of a command / ban (compare with Russian: “Do not enter!”); infinitives are involved in the formation of some verb phrases. From the nominal signs of the infinitive: masculine grammatical gender and a single grammatical number; two cases - direct and indirect, the end of the indirect case - ـے e, as in all masculine nouns; the infinitive can be used with all postpositions; the infinitive can be defined by an adjective (except relative), possessive or demonstrative pronoun, but not determined by a quantitative numeral; in the sentence, the infinitive can perform the same functions as any other noun. Also, sometimes the infinitive, being a definition, can be consistent with the noun by gender and number (for example: نوکری ملنی مشکل ہو جائے‌گی nɔkrȋ milnȋ muuşkil ho jȃyegi “It will be difficult to get a job”) ^[1] .

Communion

In Urdu, there are several types of participles. Sacraments combine verbal and nominal signs. And verbal signs: designation of an action or condition; transient or intransitive, depending on the original verb; direct addition in transitive participles; verb control as in the original verb; the possibility of distribution by indirect additions and circumstances; species differences; relative designation of time. And nominal signs: designation of a sign of an object; agreement with the defined and change in the type of adjectives; the ability to perform syntactic functions of the adjective ^[1] .

Simple participle I is formed from the stem of the verb adding the ending ‍‍ـتا -tȃ. It varies by type of adjective. It can be used as a simple definition, (for example: ‍‍لکه‍تی لڑکیاں likʰtȋ laṛkiyȃƞ “writing girls”; ‍‍مرتا کیا نہیں کرتا؟ martȃ kyȃ nahȋƞ kartȃ? “What does the dying man not do ?; Dying man is ready for anything” (proverb)), and as a predicate (such a construction is a form of the present tense). Used as a predicate, provided that the auxiliary verb is omitted (this can happen, for example, in negative forms), in the feminine plural the participle takes the ending ‍‍ـیں -ȋƞ. Simple participle I denotes an incomplete action in progress. For example: ‍‍میں اردو بولتا ہوں mɛƞ urdȗ boltȃ hoƞ “I speak Urdu (generally; I can speak Urdu)” (compare with ‍‍میں اردو بول رہا ہوں ab mɛƞ urdȗ bol rahȃ hoƞ “Now I speak Urdu”) ^{[ 1] [3]} .

Compound participle I is formed by combining simple participle I of the main verb with simple participle II of the verb ‍‍ہونا honȃ "to be." It has the same meaning as the simple participle I, but it is used in a slightly different way. It comes either as a supplement (for example: ‍‍انہوں‌نے گرتےہوئے کو سمبه‍الا unhoƞ ne girte-hue ko sambʰȃlȃ "He supported the fallen"), or as a definition (for example: ‍‍دیکه‍و ، وہ سمکتا‌ہوا پانʰȃua hu deu “Look, this is sparkling water”) ^[1] .

Simple participle II is formed from the stem of the verb by attaching the ending ‍‍ـا -ȃ to it. If the stem ends in the vowels -ȃ, -e, -o, -ȋ, then the sound -y appears between them and the ending. This participle is modeled after adjectives. In the feminine plural form, used without the auxiliary verb, the ending ‍‍ـیں -ȋƞ appears. The verbs ‍‍کرنا karnȃ “do”, ‍‍دینا denȃ “give”, ‍‍لینا lenȃ “take”, ‍‍جانا jȃnȃ “go, leave”, ‍‍ہونا honȃ “to be,” their forms are presented in the following table are not changed .

This participle usually has the meaning of the past tense. If it is derived from transitive verbs, it can be spread using the postpositions ‍‍کا kȃ and ‍‍سے se (for example: ‍‍الله کا دیا که‍انے به‍ر کو بہت ہے Allȃh kȃ diyȃ kʰȃne bʰar ko bohot hɛ “Given by God is more than enough to feed” It can also be used simply as a definition (for example: ‍‍که‍ویا مسافر kʰoyȃ musȃfir “Lost traveler"). More often it is used as a past tense (in this case, the sentence does not require an auxiliary verb). In this case, the participle means a single action in the past, not tied to a specific period of time, see the section on tenses of the verb ^{[1] for} more details.

Compound participle II is formed by combining simple participle II of the main verb and simple participle II of the verb ‍‍ہونا honȃ "to be." Unlike simple participle II, compound participle has the meaning of an already completed action or condition that has become a sign of the subject (compare: ‍‍وہ بچپن کے که‍یلے ہوئے ہیں wo baçpan ke kʰele hue hɛƞ “They played in childhood (before: they played in childhood) "- they played in childhood, and now they are called" played in childhood ", this is their sign. ‍‍وہ وہاں که‍یلے wo wahȃƞ kʰele" They played there "- only the fact that they played there is reported, and nothing more). The fact that this participle has the meaning of a sign does not mean that it is used only as a definition (for example: ‍‍بچه‍ڑے‌ہوئے مل جاتے ہیں biçʰṛe hue mil jȃte hɛƞ “Lost - found” - means those who are lost and have the sign “lost” , can be found. Here the word ‍‍بچه‍ڑے‌ہوئے biçʰṛe hue “Lost” is used as the subject) ^[1] .

The participles with the suffix ‍‍والا -wȃlȃ occupy a special place. They are formed by attaching this suffix to the form of the indirect case of the infinitive. Only the end of the suffix is ​​changed (modeled on adjectives). Usually they mean either performing the action (often against the background of another person’s action), expressed by the infinitive (for example: ‍‍تب گه‍ر کے دو کام کرنے‌والے ته‍ے tab gʰar ke do kȃm karne-wȃle tʰe “Then there were two workers at home (ext. the work of those who did) ”), or the intention to perform this action (for example: ‍‍میں باہر چالا گیا ته‍ا اور اب پهر جانے‌والا ہوں mɛƞ bȃhir çȃlȃ gayȃ tʰa ɔr ab pʰir jȃne-wȃlȃ hoƞ“ I’m going to leave again ”) ^{1] [4]} .

Continued participle is formed by attaching the suffix ‍‍رہا rahȃ to the stem of the verb. The end of the suffix changes according to the pattern of adjectives. Continued communion denotes an action that occurs in a certain period of time. In the present tense, unless otherwise indicated by the context or circumstances of the time, the sacrament matters the course of the action at the moment of speech. The ‍‍کب kab question “when?” Asked in response to the phrase ‍‍بارش ہو رہی ہے bȃriş ho rahȋ hɛ “It is raining (ext.: There is rain coming)” is at least inappropriate. With the elapsed time, it is usually clear from the context or auxiliary words in what period of time the action took place. In the future tense it is rarely used, but even then it should be indicated in what period of time the action will take place. To better understand the meaning of this sacrament, we can draw an analogy with the simple participle I: ‍‍میں اردو بولتا ہوں mɛƞ urdȗ boltȃ hoƞ “I speak Urdu (in general; I can speak Urdu)” - ‍‍میں اردو بول رہا ہوں ab mɛƞ urdȗ bol rahȃ hoƞ “Now I speak Urdu” ^{[1] [4]} .

Passive participles can be formed from all kinds of real participles, except compound participle II. Passive participles are formed by combining the real simple participle II with the corresponding participle derived from the verb ‍‍جانا jȃnȃ. For example, ‍‍پڑه‍تا ہوا paṛʰtȃ huȃ "Reading" in a passive form would be ‍‍پڑه‍ا جاتا ہوا paṛʰȃ jȃtȃ huȃ "Reading." In modern Urdu, only four forms of passive participles are actively used: simple passive I, simple passive II, passive with the suffix ‍‍والا wȃlȃ, passive continued ^{[1] [4]} .

Foreign (Arabic, Persian) participles in Urdu are used as ordinary adjectives ^[1] , for this reason they are not described here.

Holy Communion

The participles in Urdu can be formed in several ways.

1) The first version of the participle is any simple participle (except for the participle with والا wȃlȃ and continued participle) in the form of an indirect case. It denotes an action (with a hint of the meaning of the participle), carried out in conjunction with the action of the verb-predicate. For example: آپ کے حسنِ اخلاق کی تعریف کرتے اس کی زبان نہیں ته‍کتی ȃp ke husne-axlȃq kȋ tȃrȋf karte us kȋ zabȃn nahȋƞ tʰakti “His tongue does not tire of praising your virtue; it’s not through virtue to do it (it’s worth it , آپ‌کو اتنے آدمیوں کے سامنے اکیلے جاتے‌ہوئے ذرا به‍ی خوف نہ ہوا ȃp ko itne ȃdmȋyoƞ ke sȃmne akele jȃte-hue zarȃ bʰi xɔf na huȃ “you didn’t even want to.

2) The suffix کرکے ، كر ، کے ke, kar, kar ke is added to the stem of the verb (the latter is used relatively rarely). They are interchangeable. Example: ماں کو دیكه‍‌كر بچہ خوش ہوجاتا ہے mȃƞ ko dekʰ-kar baçça xȗş hojȃtȃ hɛ "Seeing the mother, the child rejoices."

3) Before the verb-predicate is put the basis of the verb from which the participle is formed. Similar to the participle with كر , but instead of kar here is a verb-predicate. Example: میں نے انہیں باغ میں جا پکڑا mɛƞ ne unheƞ bȃğ meƞ jȃ pakaṛȃ "I found (before: having come, captured him) in the garden" ^{[1] [4]} .

Times

Real General

The present common tense is formed by creating a nominal predicate from the simple participle I and the auxiliary verb ہونا honȃ. That is, it turns out a phrase that literally translates as "He who does is," and literary - as "He does." As mentioned above, the simple participle I is formed by adding the ending verb ـتا -tȃ to the base of the verb, and changes (by gender and number) as an adjective. In cases where the auxiliary verb is absent (for example, in case of negation), the participle in the form of the feminine plural is ending ـیں -ȋƞ ^{[1] [3] [4]} . Thus, in the present general tense, the verb tends so (for the example of the verb لکه‍نا likʰna "write").

The present total time is used ^[4] :

1) To indicate a non-temporal meaning and an indication of general truths, for example: اکیلی تو لکڑی به‍ی نہیں جلتی akelȋ to lakṛȋ bʰi nahȋƞ jaltȋ "One and the log does not burn (proverb)."

2) To indicate the constant characterization of the subject, for example: ‍‍وہ اسکل میں پڑه‍تا ہے wo iskul meƞ paṛʰtȃ hɛ "He is in school."

3) To indicate multiple action, for example: ‍‍رات کو آسمان پر تارے نکل جاتے ہیں rȃt ko ȃsmȃn par tȃre nikl jȃte hɛƞ “Stars appear in the sky at night”.

4) To indicate the possibility of an action, for example: ‍‍میں اردو بولتا ہوں mɛƞ urdȗ boltȃ hoƞ "I speak Urdu (in general; I can speak Urdu)."

5) If the meaning of a verb is such that it can be called such only conditionally (they mainly include verbs that call speech and mental acts), for example: ‍‍میں سوچتا ہوں کہ ... mɛƞ soçtȃ hoƞ, ke ... "I think that ..." .

6) In the formation of the present common tense from the verb ہونا honȃ (that is, for example ‍‍ہوتا ہے hotȃ hɛ), the phrase will have the meaning "to be, sometimes to be."

For negation in the present general time, the particle отриц ن в nahȋƞ is used, which is placed either before the participle or after it. If the particle is before the sacrament, then the verb ‍‍ہونا honȃ can be omitted or preserved, and if it is after, the verb is necessarily omitted. Also, if ‍‍نہیں nahȋƞ faces the sacrament, it itself in the feminine plural accepts the ending ـیں -ȋƞ, but if the particle stands before the sacrament, then it may not accept this ending, even if the verb ہونا honȃ is omitted ^{[3] [ 4]} . Below are four forms of denial for the phrase “They (women) do not write.”

‍‍وه نہیں لکه‍تی ہیں wo nahȋƞ likʰtȋ hɛƞ

‍‍وه نہیں لکه‍تیں wo nahȋƞ likʰtȋƞ

‍‍وه لکه‍تی نہیں wo likʰtȋ nahȋƞ

‍‍وه لکه‍تیں نہیں wo likʰtȋƞ nahȋƞ

Present Continued

Present continued time (also: present concrete time) is formed like a real general one, only instead of simple participle I, continued communion is used. Continued participle is formed by adding the ending ‍‍رہا rahȃ to the stem of the verb, the ending changes as an adjective. At this time, usually even when denied, the verb ‍‍ہونا honȃ ^{[1] [4] is} not omitted. In the present extended tense, the verb tends to be so (for the example of the verb لکه‍نا likʰna "write").

Present extended time means an action that takes place in a certain period of time, including at the moment of speech, for this reason there is no need for additional time symbols (however, they may be present). The ‍‍کب kab question “when?” Asked in response to the phrase ‍‍بارش ہو رہی ہے bȃriş ho rahȋ hɛ “It is raining (ext.: There is rain coming)” is at least inappropriate. Sentences with real extended time may contain words with the meaning “how long” (for example: ‍‍تم دو گه‍نٹے سے مجه‍ے دیکه‍ رہے ہو tum do gʰante se mujʰe dekʰ rahe ho “You look at me for two hours”). Moreover, in such sentences, in no case can there be a word answering the question “how often?” (In this one of the main differences between the two forms of the present tense in Urdu, and if it is difficult to choose one of them, it is useful to check for admissibility in the context of the use of circumstances with the meaning of “how often?”) ^[4] .

In the negative form of the present extended tense, the نہیں nahȋƞ particle can stand before the stem of the verb (more often), or after it (less often). In this case, the verb ہونا honȃ never drops ^{[3] [4]} . Below are both forms of denial for the phrase “They (women) do not write.”

‍‍وه نہیں لکه‍ رہی ہیں wo nahȋƞ likʰ rahȋ hɛƞ

‍‍وه لکه‍ نہیں رہی ہیں wo likʰ nahȋƞ rahȋ hɛƞ

Past General

The past common tense is formed similarly to the corresponding present, but the verb ہونا honȃ has the form of a past tense. It represents the word ته‍ا tʰȃ in the required form ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} . This is how the forms of the verb لکه‍نا likʰna “write” in the past tense look like.

The past common time is used similarly to the real common one, with the only difference being that past time indicates an action that did not continue at the moment of speech, but took place before it. An exception is the condition formulated under paragraph 1: only the form of the present general time is used to indicate the timeless meaning and general truths. Everything said in paragraphs 2-6 of the section "Present Total Time" is also valid for this case.

When choosing the past tense form in Urdu, one should take into account the fact that the past total tense is not combined with circumstances calling a specific time period, for example: “this morning”, “that day”, etc.

It should be noted that the use of incomplete forms of the past total time is observed more often than forms correlated with the present. The absence of a time indicator is compensated by the context in which information about the duration of the action is indicated one way or another. If the incomplete form correlates with the plan of the past tense, then the main context of its use is the context of multiplicity ^[4] .

Past Continued

Past elapsed time differs from a similar present only in terms of time - here it is a form ته‍ا tʰȃ. The declension of the verb لکه‍نا likʰna “write” in the past tense is presented in the following table.

Forms of elapsed extended time are used to indicate the process that occurred at a certain point in time in the past. These forms may have time circumstances, however, only if the period indicated by them is relatively small, otherwise the elapsed total time is used ^[4] . Compare:

کل میں مچه‍لیوں کا شکار کر رہا تها kal mɛƞ maçʰlȋyoƞ kȃ şikȃr kar rahȃ tʰa “Yesterday I caught fish” (that is, yesterday I went fishing once);

بچپن میں مَیں مچه‍لیوں کا شکار کرتا ته‍ا baçpan meƞ mɛƞ maçʰlȋyoƞ kȃ şikȃr kartȃ tʰa "In my childhood I caught fish" (that is, I went fishing sometimes, I did not fish all my childhood or once a child).

To make a choice between past extended and past past tenses, you need to look at the nature of the text: the first is used in a descriptive context, the second in a narrative ^[4] . Compare:

کل بارش ہو رہی ته‍ی- موسم خراب سا ته‍ا kal bȃriş rahȋ tʰȋ. mɔsam xarȃb sa tʰa “It rained yesterday. The weather was disgusting. ”

کل بارش ہوئی- په‍ر برف باری شروع ہوئی kal bȃriş hoȋ. pʰir barf bȃrȋ şurȗ hoȋ “It rained yesterday. Then it snowed. ”

Past Perfect I

Elapsed past tense is a simple participle II, while the linking verb is absent. For more information on the formation of this participle, see the corresponding section . It is worth noting only the irregular forms inherent in the verbs ‍‍کرنا karnȃ “do”, ‍‍دینا denȃ “give”, ‍‍لینا lenȃ “take”, ‍‍جانا jȃnȃ “go, leave”, ить ونا honȃ “be, be” ^{[1] [4]} .

This time is used to indicate the action that occurred in the past tense. The sign of “factuality” (= the situation took place) is the species significance of this form and is exhausted.

A feature of the past implemented is two types of structures: nominative and ergative.

The nominative construction (the verb is consistent with the subject) is built with intransitive verbs (or complex verbs, including intensive ones, one of which is intransitive), for example: وہ مسکرا دیا wo muskurȃ diyȃ “He smiled”.

With transitive verbs, an ergative construction is constructed. It is a subject in an indirect case with the postposition نے ne (personal pronouns have special forms with this postposition, see above), as well as a verb agreed with the appendix. For example: کیا آج بچےنے چائے پئی؟ Kyȃ ȃj baççe ne çaye piye? “Did the boy drink tea today?” ( چائے çaye - in Urdu, the word is feminine, and the predicate is consistent with it. Changing the gender and number of the word بچہ baçça does not affect the form of the verb-predicate).

If an addition (object of action) appears in an indirect case with a preposition or its function is performed by a dependent sentence, then the verb is used in the form of the masculine singular, for example: بہن‌نے کہا کہ ... bahin ne kahȃ ke ... "The daughter said that ..." (hereinafter a dependent sentence follows); کیا بچوں‌نے اپنی ماں کو دیکه‍ا؟ Kyȃ baççoƞ ne apnȋ mȃƞ ko dekʰa? “Have the children seen their mother?” ( ماں کو - object with a postposition). Constructions are formed in the same way if the object is not expressed in the sentence, but is implied or required by the verb (such a construction is called “neutral ergative”, as opposed to “object ergative”).

If the sentence has homogeneous predicates, one of which is transitional, and the other is not, then the so-called “breaking of the construction” is performed, that is, nominative and ergative are combined in one sentence. This means that the intransitive verb is consistent with the subject, and the transitive verb is consistent with the object, and the subject is formed as required by the first part of the complex sentence. Examples:

اس نے چه‍تری لی اور کمرے سے نکل گیا us ne çʰatrȋ lȋ ɔr kamre se nikl giyȃ “He took an umbrella and left the room” (first comes a sentence with a transitive verb, and the subject has the postposition نے ne)

وہ کمرے میں آیا اور چه‍تری لی wo kamre meƞ ȃyȃ ɔr çʰatrȋ lȋ “He went into the room and took an umbrella” (first there is a sentence with an intransitive verb, and the subject is drawn up without the preposition نے ne)

For negation in the past tense, the particle نہیں nahȋƞ is used, which can stand before or after the verb ^[4] .

Past Perfect II and III

Usually the past tense is used without the auxiliary verb ہونا honȃ, but there are forms that allow its use. It is worth noting that with them the feminine plural form loses the ending یں -ȋƞ, indicating the number, since information about the number is already contained in the forms of the verb ہونا honȃ.

In the event that, in the speaker’s opinion, the event is significant at the moment of speech, the elapsed time is formalized in the form of the present tense ہونا honȃ. Such forms are not used to describe subsequent events (and do not allow such verbal signals as “then, then, after that”, etc.). In other words, they are not used for narration, but for explanation.

If the action of a verb cannot influence current events, the past tense of this verb is used.

Examples:

اگر آپ نے دیباچہ پڑه‍ا ہے ، تو آپ کو معلوم ہے كہ ... agar ȃp ne dȋbȃça paṛʰȃ hɛ, to ȃp ko mȃlȗm hɛ ke .... “If you read the preface, then you should know that ...” (the fact that you read the preface is important, because otherwise the following information will not be known to you).

واپس ہوتے وقت ایک شخص نے ان سے پوچه‍ا کہاں گئے ته‍ے آپ؟ Wȃpas hote waqt ek şaxs un se poçʰa kahȃƞ gaye tʰe ȃp? “When he was returning, one person asked him:“ Where did you go? ”” (But did not “leave”, because after leaving there was a return) ^[4] .

The future is simple

Simple future tense is formed by joining in a simple form the subjunctive mood of the future tense indicator گا in the necessary form. Using the verb لکه‍نا likʰna “write” as an example, we can compile the following table ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} .

If the stem of the verb ends in ȃ, o, ȗ, then after it in the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular, as well as the 1st and 3rd person plural, an auxiliary consonant can be inserted - y or w.

The verbs ہونا honȃ, لینا lenȃ and دینا denȃ have non-standard conjugation. They accept only the indicator گا gȃ in the necessary form, and from the endings they only have to nasalize (if it is in a specific form).

As negative particles are used by نہیں nahȋƞ and نہ na, they are placed only before the verb ^[4] .

Complicated Forms of the Future

Complex forms of the future tense contain one of three participles - simple I, simple II (an ergative construction is constructed under it according to the general rules) and continued. They use future tense forms of the verb ہونا honȃ. Their use in Urdu is an extremely rare occurrence. Most often they are used to indicate not the future, but the present or the past, with a touch of assumption, uncertainty (compare with the Russian: “Far to the station?” - “ Will there be five kilometers” - I don’t know, I didn’t measure, but I think, something like that). The use of the future tense of the verb ہونا honȃ without the participle has the same connotation, for example: امید ہے کہ آپ بخیریت ہوں‌گے umȋd hɛ ke ȃp baxɛr Надt hoƞge "I hope you are in order ..." (initial lines of the letter) ^{[1] [4]} .

Imperative

Imperative mood has several forms, which vary in degree of politeness. So, with the rough / intimate pronoun تو to, the stem of the verb without additional endings is used, with the pronoun تم tum the stem gets the ending ـو -o (exceptions are the verbs ہونا ، دینا ، لینا lenȃ, denȃ, honȃ, their forms in this pronoun ہو ، دو ، لو lo, do, ho). With the polite pronoun آپ ȃp, the stem with the ending ـئے -iye is used, except for the verbs ہونا ، دینا ، لینا ، کرنا ، پینا pȋnȃ, karnȃ, lenȃ, denȃ, honȃ - their polite forms ہوجئے ، ،،ل pijiye, kijiye, lijiye, dijiye, hojiye. Also, the imperative can be expressed by the infinitive. For the invitation or indirect command (in 1 or 3 persons) the subjunctive form is used, for example: آؤ نیچے چلیں ȃo nȋççe çaleƞ “Let's go down”; وہ رات به‍ر یہیں ٹه‍یریں wo rȃt bʰar yahȋƞ ṭʰɛreƞ "May he stay here for the night." Used in the form of a 2nd person, the subjunctive can mean a soft command, a wish: آپ مجه‍ے ضرور معاف کر دیں ȃp mujʰe zarȗr mȃf kar deƞ “You must forgive me” ^{[1] [4]} .

Particles نہیں ، نہ ، مت nahȋƞ, na, mat are used to negate the imperative. Of these, نہ na is used only before the verb in the form of an imperative mood, the rest are used both before and after it (while for نہیں nahȋƞ it is preferable to use after the verb). As courtesy particles, ذرا ، مہربانی سے ، مہربانی فرماکر maharbȃnȋ farmȃkar, maharbȃnȋ se, zarȃ are used. ذرا zarȃ (lit. “a little”) is used in front of the forms for the pronouns تم tum and آپ ȃp, the rest - only with آپ ȃp ^{[2] [3] [4]} .

Subjunctive mood

Simple form

The subjunctive mood is formed from the stem of the verb. Unlike the indicative mood, the subjunctive forms do not express gender. Below are forms of the verb لکه‍نا likʰna "write" in the subjunctive mood.

The verb ہونا honȃ accepts only nasalization, without changing the final vowel of its stem -o.

Values ​​expressed in Russian in the “conditional subjunctive” mood in Urdu are divided by two moods. A simple form of the subjunctive mood is used to express motivation, desire, desire, indirect order, possibility, assumption, perplexity, fear, unreality of action. This form does not indicate a specific time for the action. It can be determined by context or circumstance of time and attributed to the plan of the future, present and past tense.

The scope of the subjunctive mood can be contextually independent (dictated by the will of the speaker) or contextually conditioned (dictated by grammatical rules). It is grammatically necessary to use the subjunctive mood only in some subordinate clauses.

1) If the subordinate clause expresses the goal and is introduced by the unions تاکہ tȃke or کہ ke. For example: اس سے کہو ، کہ وہ سیب خریدے us se kaho ke wo seb xarȋde "Tell him to buy apples."

2) Then, when the subordinate clause reveals the meaning of a word with a modal meaning that is part of the main sentence: اس نے اصرار کیا كہ میں پیدل چلا کروں us ne isrȃr kiyȃ ke mɛƞ pɛdal çalȃ karoƞ “He insisted (ext.: Insisted did) that I walk ”(that is, his insistence, the desire was that I walk).

3) When the main sentence is negative, it extends to the subordinate clause: میں نہیں سوچتا ہوں کہ وہ خوش اسلوب آدمی ہو mɛƞ nahȋƞ soçtȃ hoƞ ke wo xȗşe-uslȗb ȃdmȋ ho “I don’t think” that he was educated probably he is an ill-mannered person).

In context-independent use, subjunctive forms have certain meanings. As mentioned above, the form of the subjunctive mood is used for invitation or indirect command (in 1 or 3 persons), for example: آؤ نیچے چلیں ȃo nȋççe çaleƞ “Let's go down”; وہ رات به‍ر یہیں ٹه‍یریں wo rȃt bʰar yahȋƞ ṭʰɛreƞ "May he stay here for the night." Used in the form of a 2nd person, the subjunctive can mean a soft command, a wish: آپ مجه‍ے ضرور معاف کر دیں ȃp mujʰe zarȗr mȃf kar deƞ “You will forgive me.” Also, the subjunctive mood can express a desire or willingness, as an example we can give such a dialogue:

- تم جانا چاہتی ہو تو جاؤ tum jȃnȃ çȃhtȋ ho to jȃo "If you want to go, then go."

- میں دس منٹ اور انتظار کروں mɛƞ das minaṭ ɔr intizȃr karoƞ "I would wait [maybe wait] another 10 minutes."

Also, the subjunctive can have the meaning of obligation, which is usually generated in passive sentences that do not have the subject's position: اس کی باتیں به‍ی سنی جائیں us kȋ bȃteƞ bʰi sunȋ jȃeƞ “Should I listen to him too” (the subject - to whom should I hear? - is absent) .

Expressing a thought (or a similar question), the phrase can have a subjunctive verb: یہ گه‍وڑا لے‌کر میں کیا کروں؟ Ye gʰoṛȃ le-kar mɛƞ kyȃ karoƞ? “Having taken (= bought) a horse, what should I do?” (A question may be asked to the seller, or it may be personal reflection, a question to myself). The same applies to sentences with the question کیوں kyoƞ and the negation of نہ na: ہم نے سوچا کیوں نہ دفتر تک پیدل چلیں؟ Ham ne soçȃ ktoƞ na daftar tak pɛdal çaleƞ? “I thought: why not go (to me) to the office on foot?”

A special case of the use of the subjunctive mood is the definition given to the class of objects according to some principle. Often, it can be replaced in this context by the verb of the present general indicative mood. Compare the dictionary definition in Urdu "Dumb - a person who can not speak":

گونگا - وہ شخص جو بول نہ سکے gȗƞgȃ wo şaxs jo bol na sake (subjunctive, preferably in dictionary entries)

گونگا - وہ شخص جو نہیں بولتا ہے gȗƞgȃ wo şaxs jo nahȋƞ boltȃ hɛ (ext.: Does not say. Present total time).

The meaning of the assumption in Urdu is most often expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood with the corresponding modal word: شاید میں ہی آپ کی مدد کر سکوں؟ Şȃyyad mɛ hi ȃp ki madad kar sakoƞ? “Maybe I can help you?” Assumption can also be expressed with the union اگر agar. An interesting construction is such a کہیں ... نہ kahȋƞ ... na "as if not", for example: کہیں راہگیر نہ سمچه‍یں کہ ہماری گرفتاری ہو رہی ہے kahȋƞ rȃhgȋr na samajʰeƞ ke hamȃrȋ giriftȃrȋ ho rahȋ h что (ext.: our arrest is taking place). ”

This is not limited to the list of meanings of the simple form of the subjunctive mood. It should be borne in mind that they all relate to the plan of the future and the present tense, but not to the plan of the past ^{[1] [4]} .

Complex Forms

Complex subjunctive forms are one of the participles - simple I, simple II, or continued - in combination with the subjunctive mood of the verb ہونا honȃ. With the simple participle II, an ergative construction is constructed according to the general rules (for example: شاید کسی نے تمہیں اس کا پتا دیا ہو şȃyyad kisȋ ne tumheƞ us kȃ patȃ diyȃ ho "Probably someone gave you her address").

Cases of the obligatory use of complex forms of the subjunctive mood are limited to one case: the subordinate clause is influenced by the negation contained in the subjunctive clause. Example: یہاں اس کو کوئی قصبہ نہ ملا جس میں صرف مسلمان ہی رہتے ہوں yahȃƞ us ko koȋ qisba na milȃ jis meƞ sirf musalmȃn hi rahte hoƞ “He didn’t see any Muslim village there.

Cases not driven by context are limited only by the value of the assumption. Under the assumption of what could happen in the past, only a complex form of the subjunctive mood is used. Example: کہیں اس لڑکی نے ہماری باتیں سن نہ لی ہوں kahȋƞ us laṛkȋ hamȃrȋ bȃteƞ sun na lȋ hoƞ “How would this girl not hear our conversation” (= I hope that I didn’t hear, but there are fears that I heard) ^[4] .

Conditional

Simple form

Conditional mood is a simple participle I. When it is used, the verb-connective is not used. Forms of conditional mood (for example, لکه‍نا lihʰna “write”) are presented below.

For verbs in the form of conditional mood, only one particle of negation is used - نہ na, and this should be borne in mind when determining the form of the predicate (if there is a particle نہیں , then only the indicative mood can be attributed to the predicate). However, the نہ na particle can also be used with indicative mood; therefore, the form of the verb must be determined to a greater extent by context. Thus, the phrase وہ نہ پڑه‍تا wo na paṛʰtȃ can be attributed to the meaning "He does not study / did not study" or "He would not study / not study."

The conditional mood carries information about the discrepancy between the actions of the real course of events. This means that the conditional mood includes an internal, implied negation, by virtue of which affirmative sentences with these forms carry information about unrealized, lack of action, and negative sentences - about its presence, implementation. Since it is most natural to judge the conformity / non-compliance of a certain action with the real state of things when it comes to what has passed and has been tested in practice, the main area of ​​application of conditional mood is the past tense plan.

اس دن وہ نہیں نظر آیاـ اگر وہ آتا تو بچے نہ روتے is din wo nahȋƞ nazr ȃyȃ. agar wo ȃtȃ to baççe na rote “He did not appear that day. If he came, then the children would not cry ”(in fact, he did not come, and the children cried).

As in the case of the subjunctive mood, the use of the conditional can be contextually conditioned and contextually independent. The only case of contextually-conditioned (mandatory, grammatically necessary) use of conditional mood is the following: if the main sentence contains negation and refers to the past tense plan, then the conditional mood should be used in the subordinate clause. For example: میں اتنا جوان نہیں ته‍ا کہ اس کا مقابلہ کرتا mɛƞ itnȃ jawȃn nahȋƞ tʰȃ ke us kȃ muqȃbala kartȃ "I was not so young to compete with him."

In other contexts, conditional mood produces a less diverse spectrum of meanings.

When used in the form of a 1st person, a conditional mood can express an unrealized intention, desire, dream, regret. For example: کاش میں تمہاری بہن ہوتی kȃş mɛƞ tumhȃrȋ bahin hotȋ! “Oh, if I were your sister!” When referring to the 2nd or indirect reference to the 3rd person, the conditional mood verb can mean “retro-advice”, a recommendation (or rebuke) that had to be executed earlier. Example: آپ صبح سویرے اٹه‍تےـ اب دیر ہو چکی ہے ȃp subah suwesre uṭʰte. ab der ho çukȋ hɛ “You should get up early in the morning. It's already too late".

If, when using the subjunctive mood in a question-reflection, the phrase expresses the possibility of action, then when using conditional mood in this context, the meaning is the opposite - the absence of necessity or possibility. For example: سب خاموش رہےـ کیا میں ہی جواب دیتا؟ Sab xȃmȗş rahe. kyȃ mɛƞ hi jawȃb detȃ? “Everyone was silent. What, did I (have to) answer? ”(That is, I also didn’t have to answer)

There are two types of contexts characteristic of the use of conditional mood in the meaning of an unrealizable assumption. In the first case, a conditional union is used for this, for example: اگر میرا جی چاہتا تو میرے پاس به‍ی پیسے ہوتے agar merȃ jȋ çȃhtȃ to mere pȃs bʰȋ pɛse hote "If my soul wished, I would also have money" (condition - “My soul desired”, but the soul does not want, which means there is no money). Another case - in the proposal or outside it is an indication of the absence of the necessary conditions. Example: ٹکٹ کے بغیر مجه‍ے سفر کرنے کی اجازت نہ دی جاتی ṭikaṭ ke bağer mujʰe safar karne kȋ ijȃzat na dȋ jȃte “Without a ticket, I would not have been given permission to travel” (the condition is that there is no ticket, but the condition is not met, but the condition is not met, there, so I got permission to travel).

The most typical cases of the use of conditional mood are described above, but this does not mean that it cannot be included in a number of contexts characteristic of the subjunctive mood. In this case, for conditional inclination it is necessary to understand the meaning of “inconsistency with the real course of events” ^[4] .

Complex Forms

Complex forms of conditional mood are formed by a combination of one of the participles - simple I, simple II (an ergative construction is constructed with it according to the general rules), or extended, as well as the conditional mood of the verb ہونا . Complex forms of conditional mood are used much less frequently and can always be replaced by simple ones. They can be used in all contexts characteristic of simple forms of conditional mood, but they are mainly used to express unrealistic assumptions. Example: اگر اسے انگریزی آتی ہوتی تو وہ خاموش نہ رہتا agar use angrezȋ ȃtȋ hotȋ to wo xȃmȗş na rahtȃ “If he knew English, he would not be silent” (in fact, he did not know English and therefore was silent] ^[4] .

Passionate Pledge

The passive voice is formed using the verb جانا jȃnȃ. A simple replacement is made: جانا jȃnȃ receives an indicator of the form of the verb, and the verb itself appears in the form of simple participle II. Example:

میں کتاب پڑه‍ رہا ہوں mɛƞ kitȃb paṛʰ rahȃ hȗƞ “I am reading a book”

کتاب پڑه‍ی جا رہی ہے kitȃb paṛʰȋ jȃ rahȋ hɛ “The book is being read”;

The subject of the action (that is, doing) is not called in such sentences, since the forms of the passive voice are used with an unknown / unnamed subject ^[4] . As already mentioned above, passive forms are not formed only from compound participle II ^[1] .

Intense Verbs

Intensive verbs in Hindi and Urdu are combinations of the basis of a verb with one of 12 service verbs. As a result of this combination, the main verb gets a refined shade of its meaning. Intensive verbs are usually not fixed in dictionaries, they are not separate verbs, in each particular case they are formed directly in speech.

A feature of intensive verbs is that there is a certain semantic correspondence between the main and the forming verbs. So, for example, the verb به‍یجنا bʰejnȃ “send, send” has an action meaning from the subject, therefore it is combined only with verbs whose meaning is related to removal, that is, دینا denȃ and جانا jȃnȃ, and the combination looks like this: به‍یج دینا ، به‍یج جانا bʰej denȃ, bʰej jȃnȃ “send, send” (as you see, the type of the verb has been clarified, if the main verb can be translated both “send” and “send”, then the intensive verb has only one option - “send” )

However, sometimes the directions of action of the two verbs do not coincide. This applies mainly to verbs of movement. So, the verb آنا ȃnȃ “come” can be combined with جانا jȃnȃ “leave”, forming the combination آجانا ȃjȃnȃ “come”. The verb اٹه‍نا uṭʰnȃ “get up, rise” is combined with the verb بیٹه‍نا bɛṭʰna “sit down, sit”, forming the combination اٹه‍ بیٹه‍نا uṭʰ bɛṭʰna “jump up, rise”.

The basics of verbs in which the direction of action is weakly expressed or not expressed at all can be combined with various forming verbs, the direction of which is completely opposite. So, for example, the verb لانا likʰnȃ “write” is combined with the verbs دینا denȃ “give” and لینا lenȃ “take”, forming a combination of لکه‍ دينا likʰ denȃ “write (for someone, for someone)” and لکه‍ لینا likʰ lenȃ "write (for yourself)."

As a general rule, transitive main verbs are combined only with transitive generators and vice versa, but there are a huge number of exceptions.

Sometimes the main and forming verbs change places, while the meaning of the intense verb does not change. Examples: به‍اگا دینا bʰȃgȃ denȃ = دے به‍اگانا de bʰȃgȃnȃ “take to flight, drive away”; پٹک دینا paṭak denȃ = دے پٹکنا de paṭaknȃ "toss, toss."

Some forming verbs can be combined with their own stem, for example, دے دینا de denȃ “give”, لے لینا le lenȃ “pick up”.

In cases where several stems carry the same generative verb, and also if one stem is repeated several times (this indicates the repetition of the action), the generative verb is used only once - after the last stem ^{[1] [3] [4]} .

The following are the meanings of the forming verbs and their role in the formation of intense verbs. The first four are used most often.

آنا ȃnȃ - "come, go to something." Combined with intransitive verbs. The verbs of motion also bring a touch of direction to the object, approaching something. Also adds the value of achieving the ultimate goal, completeness of action. Example: دے آنا de ȃnȃ “give” - formed from the verb دینا denȃ “give”, combines both of the above meanings, as “give” means to achieve the ultimate goal (he gave, and that's all, the goal, “giving”, is achieved ), and also - give to someone, direct to the object.

جانا jȃnȃ - "go away, go from something." Combined with transitive and intransitive verbs. Indicates the direction of action from the subject and (like آنا ȃnȃ) the completeness of its completion, the achievement of the ultimate goal. Example: پی جانا pȋ jȃnȃ “drink” - formed from the verb پینا pȋnȃ “drink”, combines both of the above meanings, as “drink” means to achieve the final goal (drank, and that's all, the goal, “drinking”, is achieved ), as well as the effect of “drinking” is directed not at oneself, but at another object, for example, water.

لینا lenȃ - “take”. It is combined with transitional verbs and indicates that the action is performed in the interests of the actor and is directed in his direction. It also matters the completeness of action and achieving the goal. Example: که‍ا لینا kʰȃ lenȃ "eat" - formed from the verb که‍انا kʰȃnȃ "eat, eat." “Eating” is directed at the eater and is made by him in his interests. He also “eats”, reaching the final goal, the verb does not provide any action after the “eat”.

دینا denȃ - to give. It is combined with transitional verbs and indicates that the action is performed by one person in the interests of another person, for him. In the same way, the verb indicates the achievement of the ultimate goal of the action. Example: به‍یج دینا bʰej denȃ “send, send” - formed from the verb به‍یجنا bʰejnȃ “send” and means the action of “sending” something to another person, and also does not imply other actions after the “sending”.

پڑنا paṛnȃ - “to fall”. Combined with intransitive verbs and indicates the suddenness and / or speed of the action. Also reports completeness, completion of the action. Example: ہنس پڑنا hans paṛnȃ "laugh." It is formed from the verb ہنسنا hansnȃ "laugh", and has the meaning of surprise (before that I didn’t laugh, and then I picked it up and laughed). In the same way, it indicates the achievement of the final goal - “laughing” happened, after that there is laughter, but this is another action, “laughing”, which means that the action of the verb “laugh” has been fully completed.

In combination with the transitive verbs جاننا ، سننا ، دیکه‍نا jȃnnȃ, sunnȃ, dekʰnȃ “to know, hear, see” the verb پڑنا paṛnȃ takes on the meaning “to appear, be heard, become visible” ( جان پڑنا ، سن یکه‍nیکه‍ یکه‍nȃ sun paṛnȃ, dekʰ paṛnȃ).

اٹه‍نا uṭʰnȃ - "to fall." It has the same meaning as پڑنا paṛnȃ, but is used with both transitive and intransitive verbs.

بیٹه‍نا bɛṭʰnȃ - "sit, sit down." Combined with transitive and intransitive verbs. It is similar to the verb اٹه‍نا uṭʰnȃ, but may have (in the context) a tinge of objectionability, inappropriate action.

ڈالنا ḍȃlnȃ - “throw”. It is combined only with transitional verbs and introduces a hint of separation, separation (into parts), as well as the completeness of the action. Occasionally (in context), the undesirability and inappropriateness of an action matters. Example: کاٹ ڈالنا kȃṭ ḍȃlnȃ “cut”, formed from کاٹنا kȃṭnȃ “cut”. Clarifies the meaning, indicating that it is not just “cutting” that is meant, but “cutting, cutting in parts”. In the same way, “cut off” means to separate, after which no action in the verb is implied.

رکه‍نا rakʰnȃ - “put, set, hold, keep.” It is combined with transitional verbs and indicates an interest in maintaining the result of an action indicated by a semantic verb, as well as its completeness and completeness. Example: قرار دے رکه‍نا qarȃr de rakʰnȃ "decide, determine." It is formed from the verb قرار دینا qarȃr denȃ "decide, give a decision", and means that the decision is given for a long time, the result of the action, "giving a decision", must be preserved. Also, after the action of “giving a decision”, no other actions are implied.

چه‍وڑنا çʰoṛnȃ - “leave, throw”. It is used extremely rarely. It is combined with transitional verbs and indicates the completeness and completeness of the action, the achievement of the ultimate goal. Example: رکه‍ چه‍وڑنا rakʰ çʰoṛnȃ "put", formed from the verb رکه‍نا rakʰnȃ - "put, save." “To put” means to achieve the goal of the verb “to put,” after which no other actions are implied.

رہنا rahnȃ - "to continue, to remain." Uncommon. Combined with intransitive verbs. It has the same meaning as رکه‍نا rakʰnȃ.

چلنا çalnȃ - "go, move." Combined with intransitive verbs. The completeness of the action or proximity to completion matters. Example: به‍ول چلنا bʰȗl çalnȃ "(almost) forget." Formed from the verb به‍ولنا bʰȗlnȃ "forget." It means either “forgetting” (to achieve the goal of the “forgetting” action) or “almost forgetting” (that is, being close to achieving this goal) ^{[1] [3] [4]} .

Views

Along with the time category of the species in the languages ​​of Urdu and Hindi, there are other, grammatical species - the characters of the course of action in time. Some researchers attribute them to methods of action ^[4] .

Long-Progressive

A more accurate name for it is gradual ^[4] . It is expressed by a simple participle of the verb I (but not intense) with the desired form of the verb جانا jȃnȃ. Sometimes between the participle and the verb the element چلا çalȃ appears, which changes like the participle. It should be noted that the form of a long-progressive species cannot be a participle and cannot be combined with the verb سکنا saknȃ.

A long-progressive view matters the gradual unfolding of events. In other words, several homogeneous actions follow each other. As an example, the words لکه‍تے جاؤ likʰte jȃo! “Record!” (As a command to the head of a typist. It is clear that it will not be recorded immediately, but as phrases arrive).

In addition, with a long-progressive form, there may be words with a meaning of gradualness. For example: رفتہ رفتہ وه بڑا ہوتا گیا rafta rafta wo baṛȃ hotȃ giyȃ "Gradually (over and over again) he became big." At the same time, the expression of a long-progressive look is not necessary even if there are words implying a gradual development of events, for example: established their influence throughout the country. ”

In addition, when using a long-progressive view, it can be understood not only the alternation of homogeneous stages of the action, but also the subjects and objects of the action, for example: دن بدن گزرتے گئے din badin guzarte giye “Days passed (= day went on day after day)” ^{[4 ]} .

Long

The long (or “continuous”) form is expressed by the simple participle I (but not intensive) and the forms of the verb رہنا rahnȃ. The circumstances of the time with him are drawn up with the postposition تک tak or remain in direct case without postpositions. It should be noted that the long form cannot be a participle and cannot be combined with the verb سکنا saknȃ.

A long-term view expresses an action taking place as a single integral process, without pauses and breaks. Example:

بات‌چیت دیر تک ہوتی رہی bȃtçȋt der tak hotȋ rahȋ "The conversation lasted a long time."

Multiple

The multiple (“stable”) form is expressed by the simple participle II (which in this case does not change) and the forms of the verb کرنا karnȃ (except for extended and fulfilled tenses). From the verb جانا jȃnȃ, the participle in this situation is not formed according to the rules and has the form جایا jȃyȃ. With this method of action, intensive bases can also be used.

The multiple view expresses three basic meanings:

1) If a verb calls an action that can be reproduced, then in the form of a multiple form, it receives the meaning of regularity, of multiplicity. In this case, there may be words with him that answer the question “how often”. Example: وہ ہر دن سنیما جایا کرتا ته‍ا wo har din sanȋmȃ jȃyȃ kartȃ tʰȃ "He went to the movies every day."

2) If a verb denotes an action or state that is not indivisible by its nature in “servings”, then in the form of a multiple appearance it receives the meaning of duration, extension in time. Example: پرانے زمانے میں یہاں ایک سنگ تراش رہا کرتا ته‍ا purȃne zamȃne meƞ yahȃƞ ek sang tarȃş rahȃ kartȃ tʰȃ “In the old days, there was only one masons”.

3) A proposal may also describe timeless situations. In this case, a verb in the form of a multiple form calls any actions or states only on condition that they belong to a whole class of objects, to each of the representatives of this class. Example: برداشت کی حد ہوا کرتی ہے bardȃşt kȋ had huȃ kartȋ hɛ “Patience has a limit” ^{[3] [4]} .

Actions

Along with the grammatical category of the species, Hindustani also has a lexico-grammatical category of mode of action. Unlike grammatically opposed species, modes of action differ only semantically and do not form paradigmatic series ^[1] .

Causative

The causative (coercive) mode of action is expressed by causative verbs.

Intensive

The value of this mode of action is expressed:

1. Intense verbs
2. The construction of the stem of the verb with the combination که‍ڑا ہونا kʰaṛȃ honȃ “to be worth”, which has the meaning of intensity, speed, suddenness of the performed action. Example: اور میں به‍اگ که‍ڑا ہوا ɔr mɛƞ bʰȃg kʰaṛȃ huȃ "And I fled." The stem of the verb آنا ȃnȃ before this combination can take the element n, for example: سب آن که‍ڑے ہوئے sab ȃn kʰaṛe hue “Everyone hurriedly came” ^{[1] [3] [4]} .

Compound

A comprehensive (certification) method of action indicates the complete completion of the action, the presence of its result. Compound verbs are formed by joining the stem of the verb چکنا çuknȃ (most often it is used in the forms of the fulfilled tenses, with the ending -ā³), they do not build an ergative construction. When using the verb چکنا çuknȃ with several bases, it is used once after the last of them. Used in passive voice, it goes after the stem of the verb جانا jȃnȃ.

This mode of action is not combined with intensive, imperative, three species forms. Sentences with a compulsive verb are only affirmative and cannot contain words with a low degree value (but at the same time they are combined with high degree indicators).

Example: میں دست‌خط کر چکا تو اس نے قلم میرے ہاته‍ سے لے لیا mɛƞ dastxat kar çukȃ to us ne qalam mere hȃtʰ se le liyȃ "When I finished signing, he took a pen from my hand."

Potential

The forms of this mode of action indicate the possibility, the ability to perform an action. For its expression are used:

1. Attachment of the verb سکنا saknȃ to the basis of the semantic verb (in the case of passive verbs - to jā-). Example: میں پڑه‍ سکتا ہوں mɛƞ paṛʰ saktȃ hoƞ "I can read." This verb is not combined with extended tenses (their indicator is rahā³), used mainly with common (-tā³). This way of generating potential verbs is the only one in the context of a sentence that implies permission or request (such as آپ بیٹھ سکتے ہیں āp bɛṭʰ saktē hɛ̃ “You can sit down (= you are allowed)” and میں بیٹھ سکتا ہوں؟ mɛ̃ bɛṭʰ saktā hũ “ Can I sit? (= Please let me sit) ”).
   The verb سکنا saknȃ can also be used with fulfilled tenses (without constructing an ergative construction), but only on condition that the sentence contains a negation ( اس نے بری طرح تیاری کی اس کے لئے وہ ممتحن کے کسی سوال ب ے ے ک bur tarah tayārī kī, is liyē wo mumtahin kē kasī suwāl kā jawāb nahīƞ dē sakā “He was poorly prepared, so he couldn’t answer any questions from the examiner”) or restrictive particles ( وہ ممتحن کے صرف ایک سوااک mumtahin kē sirf ēk suwāl kā jawāb dē sakā “He was able to answer only one question from the examiner”). In this case, the verb gets the meaning of an unrealized or partially realized opportunity.
2. The combination of the infinitive of the semantic verb in the direct case with the verb جاننا jȃnnȃ “know” or آنا ȃnȃ “come” means the ability to perform an action. Examples: وه خود بهی لکه‍نا جانتا ہے wo xȗd bʰhi likʰna jȃntȃ hɛ "He himself knows how to write"; مجه‍ے اردو اور ہندی لکه‍نا آتا ہے mujʰe urdu ɔr hindȋ likʰnȃ ȃtȃ hɛ "I can write in Urdu and Hindi."
3. Joining پانا pȃnȃ “receive, find” to the basis of the semantic verb. This design indicates the possibility of an action due to some reason. An ergative construction is not built with it (although with the independent, non-official use of the verb پانا pȃnȃ it is built).
   Example: میں دبی زبان سے صرف اتنا ہی کہہ پاتا ته‍ا اور کیا لکه‍نا ہے؟ Mɛƞ dabȋ zabȃn se sirf itnȃ hi kah pȃtȃ tʰa ɔr kyȃ likʰna hɛ? "I could only quietly ask:" What else needs to be written? "".
   The infinitive in the indirect case with the verb پانا pȃnȃ in non-negative sentences denotes permission to perform the action of the infinitive (from the verb of the movement also “have time to reach”). Example: وہ یہاں آنے پاتا ہے wo yahȃƞ ȃne pȃtȃ hɛ "He can come here (= he is allowed)." In negative sentences (with a particle نہ na or نہیں nahīƞ, located immediately before پانا pȃnȃ or a semantic verb), it is possible to use both the infinitive of the semantic verb in the indirect case and the basis in the meaning of the impossibility of the action.
4. The combination of the infinitive of the verb in the indirect case with the verb دینا denȃ means "give permission for the action of the infinitive." Example: تمہیں جانے کون دیتا ہے؟ Tumheƞ jȃne kɔn detȃ hɛ? “Who allowed you to leave ?; Who gave you leave? ” Along with combinations of the verb پانا pȃnȃ and the infinitive in braid in affirmative sentences, it can stand out in a separate “permissive (permissive)” mode of action.
5. The basis of the verb بننا bannȃ in combination with the verb پڑنا paṛnȃ has the meaning of the subjective possibility of an action. If the subject is expressed, he is executed as a postposition سے se. Example: قضی صاحب سے کوئی جواب بن نہ پڑا qazȋ sȃhab se koȋ jawȃb ban na paṛȃ "Mr. judge couldn’t answer anything."
6. Objective opportunity is indicated by the construction of a simple participle (on -tā³) of the semantic verb with the service verb بننا bannȃ.

Intentional

This mode of action indicates the intention, willingness to perform an action or its quick implementation. The following forms are used to express it:

1. Participle with -wālā, formed from the infinitive of the verb in the indirect case.
2. The construction of the infinitive of the semantic verb in the indirect case and the forms of the verb جانا jȃnȃ in extended tenses. Example: منیر اسی کی مدد کرنے جا رہا ہے munȋr isȋ kȋ madad karne jȃ rahȃ hɛ "Munir is going to help him."
3. Infinitive construction with the postposition پر and the verb تلنا tulnȃ. Example: اب وہ مجه‍ے گه‍ر سے نکالنے پر تلے ہوئے ہیں ab wo mujʰe gʰar se nikȃlne par tule hue hɛƞ “Now he has set out to drive me out of the house”
4. Simple Communion II (which does not change in this case) in combination with the verb چاہنا çȃhnȃ. Example: میں ہی آدمی کو آواز دیا ہی چاہتا ته‍ا کہ mɛƞ hi ȃdmȋ ko ȃwȃz diyȃ hi çȃhtȃ tʰa ke "I was going to shout out to a man like ...." The participle of the verb جانا jȃnȃ in such combinations has the form جایا jȃyȃ (not گیا!).
5. The combination of the infinitive of the semantic verb with the postposition کو ko and the verb ہونا hona or آنا ȃnȃ. Examples: ساٹه‍ کی عمر کے قریب ہونے کو آئی sȃṭʰ ke qarȋb hone ko ȃyȋ "The sixteenth year is drawing near ," سورج غروب ہونے کو ہے sȗraj ğurȗb hone ko hɛ "The sun is about to set."

Beginner

Indicates the immediate onset of the action of the verb, formed by the infinitive in the indirect case and the verb لگنا lagnȃ. Example: میں پورے زور سے تیرنے لگا mɛƞ pȗre zor se terne lagȃ "I began to swim with all my strength."

Quick Implementation Method

Indicates the rapid effectiveness of the action of the verb. It is expressed by the construction of the participle with -tē, the words دیر dēr "time, term", negative particles na \ nahīƞ and the forms of the verb لگنا lagnȃ.

Obligatory

1. The combination (subject) + کو ko + infinitive + the verb ہونا honȃ has the meaning of obligation, the obligatory action of the infinitive for the subject. Example: دوسرے دن اسے آنا ته‍ا dȗsre din use ȃnȃ tʰȃ "On the second day he had to go." Complex forms (with the participle ہوا huȃ) express a repeating, common action: مجه‍ے ان سے دوتين دفعہ ملنا ہوا ہے mujʰe un se do-tȋn dafȃ milnȃ huȃ hɛ "I had to meet them two or three times."
2. The construction (subject) + обязو ko + infinitive + verb adverb چاہئے çȃhiye has a more categorical meaning of bindingness. Example: اسے گه‍ر جانا چاہئے use gʰar jȃnȃ çȃhiye "He needs to go home." To indicate a need in the past, after چاہئے çȃhiye the verb ہونا honȃ is put in the past tense form.
3. The construction (subject) expresses bindingness most strongly + کو ko + infinitive + verb پڑنا paṛna. Example: مجه‍ے گاڑی سے اتركر پیدل چلنا پڑا mujʰe gȃṛȋ se uttar kar pɛdal çalnȃ paṛȃ "When I got out of the car, I had to walk."

Coordination of service elements can occur in different ways. With intransitive verbs, they have a neutral form, with transitive verbs you need to look at the case of the object: if it is indirect - the form is neutral, if it is direct, then you can coordinate all elements (including the infinitive, which changes the ending nā to nī in the feminine, as well چاہئے çȃhiye - for the most part چاہئیں çȃhiyeƞ), either use a neutral construction, or coordinate everything except the infinitive. Full agreement in such cases is closer to the literary norm.

If there is a subject of obligation (the one who needs it), even if it is not named in the proposal, all three of the above structures can be used. If, in the speaker’s opinion, the need is due to expediency, justice, custom, etc., a construction with چاہئے çȃhiye is used, in which verbs are used that do not indicate active action (passive and verbs of the type “to be such and such”).

Fast Track

This mode of action means the quick follow of another action after the action of the verb. It is expressed:

1. A combination of the participle with -tē and hī (after which there may be a repeat of the participle).
2. The combination of the participle with -tā³ or infinitive with the inflective combination آتے کے ساتھ ہی kē sātʰ hī.
3. The construction of the infinitive and the verb ہونا honȃ in the past tense is in front of the subordinate clause introduced by the کہ ke conjunction . If it is necessary to indicate the subject in the first sentence (it is the same in both sentences), then it is executed as a postposition کا kȃ, the object usually carries کو ko. Example: ان کا اس کو دیکه‍نا ته‍ا کہ سب اپنے جوتے چوڑکر به‍اگ گئے un ka us ko dekʰna tʰa ke sab apne jȗte çoṛ kar bʰȃg gaye “They saw him and immediately threw off their shoes.
4. The construction of the infinitive in the indirect case with the combination of کی دیر kī dēr and simple forms of the connective نونا honȃ.

Spatial

The spatial (dispersal) mode of action is expressed by a combination of simple participles and the verb په‍رنا pʰirnȃ “wander”.

Simple participle II in combination with the verb په‍رنا pʰirnȃ has the meaning of a state that appears when a subject moves in space. For example: وقت پر کوئی نہ کوئی چیز گم ہو جائیگی تب اده‍ر اده‍ر به‍اگے په‍ریں‌گے waqt pa koȋ na koȋ çiz gum ho jȃyegȋ tab idʰar udʰar bʰȃge pʰireƞge “(sometime you get lost here and there) ".

The simple participle I in combination with the verb په‍رنا pʰirnȃ has the meaning of the action of the sacrament, which takes place in space or in a large territory. Example: میں تو سارے شہر میں اہلیا کو تلاش کرتا په‍رتا ته‍ا mɛƞ to sȃre şahar meƞ ahliyȃ ko talȃş kartȃ pʰirtȃ tʰȃ "I searched for Akhliya throughout the city." In this construction, the participles from the verbs of movement are mainly involved, but not only them, for example: جاؤ اور بهرے بازار میں کہتا په‍رو jȃo ɔr bʰare bȃzȃr meƞ kahtȃ pʰiro “Go and announce to the whole market (so that everyone in the market can hear”). If the verb refers to several participles, then it is used only after the last.

Other Combinations

The simple participle I of the verb لینا lenȃ can form the following combinations: لیتا آنا letȃ ȃnȃ “bring, bring, bring with you” (the same meaning has لے آنا le ȃnȃ, as well as the contracted form لانا lȃnȃ), لیتا ج Letȃ jȃnȃ “carry, take, take with you” (like لے جانا le jȃnȃ), لتا جلنا letȃ çalnȃ “carry, carry, take with you”. Examples: میں به‍ی ڈکٹر کو ساته‍ لیتا آیا ہوں mɛƞ bʰi ḍakṭar ko sȃtʰ leta ȃyȃ hoƞ “I brought the doctors with you”, مجه‍ے به‍ی لیتے جلو mujʰe bʰi lete çalo “Take me and you.

The combination چلتا بننا çaltȃ bannȃ means "leave quickly, hide." Example: چپراسی تو یہ حکم دے چلتا بنا çaprȃsȋ to ye hukm de çaltȃ banȃ "The messenger, passing this order, hurriedly left."

The simple participle II of intransitive verbs can form combinations with imperfect forms of the verb پڑنا paṛnȃ (it means “to fall”). In this case, they indicate a close realization of the state indicated by the sacrament, or strengthen this state. Example: کیوں ایک دوسرے پر گرے پڑتے ہو؟ Kyoƞ ek dȗsre par gire paṛte ho? “Why are you leaning against each other?” Also, this verb has the meaning “to lie”, and when combined with simple participle II, a design can acquire the meaning of rest, immobility of the subject, for example: سب سوئے پڑے ته‍ے sab soye paṛe tʰe “Everyone was asleep (before: all asleep were lying)”.

There are also irreducible participial combinations: چلا جانا çalȃ jȃnȃ “go, go, leave”, چلا آنا çalȃ ȃnȃ “come, come, come back”, چلا چلنا çalȃ çalnȃ “go, leave, ، دڑاج dɔr jȃnȃ, bʰȃg jȃnȃ “to run away”, به‍اگ آنا ، دوڑا آنا dɔr ȃnȃ, bʰȃg ȃnȃ “to run away” ^{[1] [3] [4]} .