Chemotronics is a discipline that deals with the fundamental and applied aspects of electrochemical processes that occur at the electrode - electrolyte interface under the influence of electric current , as well as the creation of devices for various purposes in this area [1] .
Content
- 1 General
- 2 Practical use
- 3 Development Prospects
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
General information
Chemotronics as a scientific and technical direction arose at the junction of electrochemistry and electronics . A significant part of it was the work of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexander Naumovich Frumkin [2] , who studied the principles of electrochemical conversion in solid and liquid electrolytes [3] . Charge carriers in these processes are ions with a mobility less than 10 4-10 6 times that of carriers in semiconductors, which determines the scope of chemotronics.
As a technical industry, chemotronics at the beginning of its journey developed general theoretical and technological principles for the construction of electrochemical converters. At the same time, devices were created that used solution ions to carry charges. Such first developments were electrochemical rectifiers , integrators , amplifiers [4] .
Due to the low mobility of ions, chemotronic devices by their physical nature are low-frequency. However, in comparison with conventional electronic devices, they have advantages. These, first of all, are the compactness and multifunctionality of liquid elements, where in a small volume many different physicochemical processes can occur simultaneously and at different speeds. In addition, these systems are reliable and provide the ability to change their internal structure, that is, internal control [1] .
Practical use
Using chemotronics, solid- and liquid-phase devices are created. The first uses the process of formation of a solid phase on the electrodes or the dissolution of the electrode material during the passage of electric current [5] , and the second changes the concentration of the electrolyte solution in the electrode regions [6] . The list of developments is wide - rectifiers, time relays , integrators, nonlinear functional converters, acceleration , speed , temperature sensors, vibration meters, indicators, etc. [7] . Sometimes such devices are allocated in a separate group called chemotrons .
Range of operating frequencies of chemotronic devices: 10 -7 - 10 Hz. In contrast to the well-known electromechanical, electromagnetic and electronic analogues, they have high sensitivity (up to 10 -3 V in voltage and up to 10 -6 A in current), efficiency (own consumption in the range of 10 -8 - 10 -3 W), reduced level of intrinsic noise, as well as high reliability and comparative low cost [6] .
Development Prospects
One of the further directions of development is the creation of optochemotron devices that use the phenomenon of electrochemiluminescence, that is, the glow that occurs in the region of the electrodes during the passage of current through solutions of some electrolytes. Such electrolytes usually consist of an activator ( luminescent organic substance ), an accompanying (background) electrolyte and a solvent. The electrolyte forms a reversible redox system with electrode materials. Such devices are used as emitters and indicators, converters of non-electric quantities into an electrical signal. For example, using the glow effect of a phosphor excited by an alternating electric field near an electrode of a special shape, one can create luminous numbers, letters, etc. [8] .
See also
- Ionistor
- Memistor
- Electrochemical supercapacitors
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Chemotronics / Treyer V.V. // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- ↑ Volkov V.A., Vonsky E.V., Kuznetsova G.I. Outstanding chemists of the world. - M .: VSH, 1991.656 s.
- ↑ Ya. M. Kolotyrkin, OA Petrii, and AM Skundin Academician AN Frumkin and Modern Advances in Electrochemistry // Russ. Journal Electrochem., 1995, v.31, p.709-712
- ↑ Voronkov G. Ya., Gurevich M.A., Fedorin V.A. Chemotron devices, - M., 1965.
- ↑ Yushina L.D. Solid state chemotronics (monograph) // Successes in modern natural sciences. - 2010. - No. 2 - p. 119—121
- ↑ 1 2 Treyer V.V., Elizarov A. B. Electrochemical integrating and analogue storage elements, - M., Izv. Energiya, 1971. - 96 p.
- ↑ Borovkov V., Grafov B., Dobrynin E., Lukovtsev P. Electrochemical converters of primary information, - M., 1969. - 196 p., 4500 copies.
- ↑ Strizhevsky I.V., Dmitriev V.I., Finkelstein E.B., Chemotronika - M., 1974.