Friday

A fragment of the Roman copy of the statue of Aphrodite , the goddess, from whom there is a tradition of naming the "Friday" in honor of the goddess of love and her planet in many languages

In most Slavic languages , including Russian , the name of Friday comes from the number “five”, since Friday was considered the fifth day “after the week” (after Sunday): Belarusian - Friday , Bulgarian - Petak , Czech - pátek , Polish - piątek , Serbian - petak , Croatian - petak , Slovenian - petek , Slovak - piatok , Ukrainian - p'yatnitsya . In Hungarian, the word péntek is a Slavic borrowing. The names of Friday in some Finno-Ugric languages ​​of European Russia are borrowed from Russian: Karelian. piätinččä , Komi Peknicha , Moksh. pyadtsya .

Among the ancient Romans, Friday was dedicated to Venus (tracing paper from the Greek name - Aphrodites Hemer ). This tradition of the Romans, in turn, was adopted by the ancient Germanic tribes, associating Venus with their goddess Freyja . The English name of Friday, Friday , comes from the Old English Frīġedæġ , meaning "Frigg day" ^[1] on behalf of the goddess of Norse mythology Frigga (dr. Isl. Frigg - beloved), the wife of the god Odin , the goddess of love, marriage and procreation ^[2] . On behalf of Freyja, the names of Fridays occur in other Germanic languages: Freitag in modern German , Vrijdag in Dutch , frjá-dagr in Old Icelandic ^[3] . The modern form of the word in Swedish , Norwegian and Danish is fredag .

In most Romance languages, the name comes from the Latin dies Veneris , “Venus Day” ^[2] : vendredi in French , venerdì in Italian , viernes in Spanish , divendres in Catalan , vennari in Corsican , vineri in Romanian . It is also reflected in P-Celtic Welsh as dydd Gwener .

The Greek name for Friday - Παρασκευή - comes from the verb παρασκευάζω "to prepare, to make," which implies preparation for the festive Saturday and Sunday for the Orthodox tradition. The Georgian word პარასკევი ( paraskevi ) is borrowed from the Greek language.

In the Christian tradition, Friday is a day of fasting in memory of the Savior 's crucifixion of suffering , which is why its names are associated in some European languages: Dé hAoine , Gaelic. Di-Haoine , Mans . Jeheiney and Isl. föstudagur "fasting day".

In Hebrew and modern Hebrew, Friday is called יום שישי Yom Shishi “sixth day,” since Sunday is considered the first day of the week.

In Arabic, “Friday” is “Jum'a-tul-Mubarak,” a derivative of “ al-juma ” (Muslim prayer). Kazakh ( zhma ), Bashkir ( yoma ) and Tatar ( komga ) the word "Friday" is borrowed from Arabic .

In most languages ​​of India , Friday, Sukravar , is named for the god Sukra , who is also the name of the planet Venus in Sanskrit .

“Friday”, literally translated from Japanese , is “gold day” ( Japanese 金曜日 Kinyo: bi ) . As in the case of the rest of the days of the week, the name came from the name of one of the “seven stars” ( 七曜 ё ё ё::) - Venus ( 金星 金星 Kinsei , “planet Venus”, letters. “Golden planet”) and 曜 日ё: bi - "day of the week."

In Korean, the spelling of the word coincides ( cor. 금요일 ^? , 金曜日^? ), And is read ("kymyuil").

According to ISO 8601, Friday is considered the fifth day of the week.

In Jewish and Christian religious traditions and in countries where they are deeply rooted, Friday continues to be the sixth day. In Portuguese , the word sexta-feira is used - “the sixth day of the liturgical week”, derived from the Catholic name Lat. feria VI , which is used in religious texts where the names of pagan gods were not allowed to be mentioned. As the Sixth Day, Thursday is known among Quakers who are eliminating Friday's traditional pagan naming conventions.

In Saudi Arabia and Iran , as well as in many other Islamic countries, the week starts on Saturday and ends on Friday.

From the first centuries of Christianity , worship of Friday arises as the day of the cross suffering of the Lord Jesus Christ and the time of fasting . The first news of this was preserved in the "life of Constantine," attributed to the bishop of Caesarea Eusebius (d. In 340). Great Friday before Easter is especially marked ^[4] .

In the "Word of the Holy Father Pachomius about the environment and the heel" Wednesday and Friday appear in the form of two angels who lead to heaven those who holyly spent these days. Fasting on Friday was so prevalent among the Russian people that when the question was raised of canceling the fast, if Friday is one of the major church holidays, then strong unrest began, which stopped with the convening of a cathedral in 1168 , which canceled Friday fasting Nativity and Epiphany ^[4] . The Orthodox Church continues to observe Fridays (as well as Wednesdays) as weekly fasting days throughout the year (excluding holidays and periods when fasting is canceled). Fasting on Fridays entails abstinence from meat, poultry and dairy products (in the strict version - fish, vegetable oil and alcohol are also prohibited). In Orthodoxy, Fridays are dedicated to the Crucifixion on the Cross of Jesus Christ and the Mother of God , especially since she stood at the foot of the Calvary Cross .

The Roman Catholic Church fasted on Fridays to refrain from eating meat, although fish was allowed. However, the “ Conference of Catholic Bishops ” allowed believers to replace fasting with another form of penance (“charity and exercise in piety”). Nevertheless, most Catholic believers prefer the traditional form of penance in the form of fasting on Friday ^[5] .

Most Anglican believers also practice abstinence from meat food, either every Friday (as the Anglican Prayer books prescribed) or on Fridays of Lent ^{[6] [7]} Conservative Methodists and Baptists also practice Friday practice according to local traditional community guidelines.

In Judaism, Friday is the day of preparation for Shabbat , believing Jews shop two days in advance, stores across the country earlier than on other days. The beginning of Shabbat is considered the time after sunset on Friday, the end is the appearance of the first three stars on Saturday evening.

In Islam, Friday is practiced as a time of service in mosques . The word (الجمعة) “al-jum'at” (Friday), which comes from the word (الجمع) “jam'a” (assembly), is named so because every week it gathers the people of Islam for the greatest (act) of worship. On Friday, Allah completed the creation of heaven and earth. On Friday, Allah created Adam, and on this day He brought him to Paradise, and on Friday He expelled him from there. And on Friday the Hour (the end of the world) will come, as many authentic hadiths say. In ancient times, Friday was called the day of 'Aruba. They say that former peoples were ordered to honor this day, but they did not. The Jews chose Sabbath as their day of worship, although Adam was not created on the Sabbath. Christians chose Sunday, the day the creation began. Therefore, for Muslims, Allah chose Friday, the day on which He finished creation ^[8] . Friday observance should include peace and mercy. It is believed that “Kiyomat” ( End of the World ) will come on this day ^[9] In Saudi Arabia and Iran, Friday is the only day off of the week. Until September 1, 2006, this custom was followed by Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates , now Saturday ^[10] also became a day off in these countries, and in 2007 Saturday as a day off was introduced in Kuwait ^[11] .

Friday is also a day of rest in the Bahai Faith ^[12]

In Hinduism on Friday, special worship of goddesses is practiced, mainly Durga , Parvati , Gauri .

Also in pastafarianism, Friday is a holy day.

At the eastern Slavs, Friday was a market day. After Easter , fair tenders (“Trading Fridays”) were held on Fridays for ten weeks after Easter .

Some work on Fridays was prohibited: women did not have to spin, cook alkali , wash clothes, remove ash from the oven, men could not plow and harrow. Failure to comply with these prohibitions allegedly entailed punishment in a future life, as for sins; this was indicated by the ancient verse "Farewell of the soul to the body", in which the soul expects eternal flour for itself, since on Friday "the dress began to burn, the linen was spun . In this regard, there was a look at Friday, as an unfortunate day on which no business should be undertaken. On the other hand, people have developed a view on Friday as a happy day for weddings and for births. Ostensibly rest on Friday also has an impact on the fertility of the land ^[4] .

The veneration of Friday was widespread in Italy, Spain, France, Germany: on Friday they didn’t take any trips, it was impossible to laugh, dress up, comb hair; weddings on this day are unhappy; on the contrary, those born on Friday use special gifts (venerini), have power over spirits ^[4] .

Among sailors, Friday was considered an unlucky day, perhaps the most sustainable sea superstition - about the undesirability of Friday to start a long voyage ^{[13] [14]} 19th-century Admiral William Henry Smith in his navigation dictionary “The Sailor's Glossary”, described Friday as follows: “On the day "Infaustus", the old sailors were determined not to do anything, as on an ominous day " ^[15] .

On the Hebrides, Friday was considered a good day for sowing. So, Good Friday was a particularly popular day for planting potatoes : even Orthodox Catholics considered it obligatory for them to plant at least a basket of potatoes that day. Probably, this custom was based on the idea that, as the Resurrection of Christ followed after His Crucifixion on the Cross and burial, like a seed, after burial in the earth, it will awaken to life ^[16] .

In most places where a five-day workweek is adopted, Friday is the last workday before the weekend and is therefore seen as an excuse to relax in anticipation of rest (“Friday Syndrome”). In the USA, they say “ TGIF ” about Friday - from “ T hank G od I t’s F riday” (“Thank God it's Friday!”). In recent years, in some areas, employees are allowed to wear less formal clothes on Fridays, known as Jeans Day or Casual Friday .

Russian proverb about a man who constantly changes his mind: “He has seven Fridays in a week . ” If you can see the lower one from under the outer clothing, then a playful proverb is sometimes used: "from Friday Friday . " On modern entertainment Internet resources and blogs, the word "Friday" in the meaning "positive" has become widespread.

According to the Thai solar calendar , Friday is associated with blue .

Superstition belongs to modern urban legends that have gained popularity thanks to the media . Superstition is also associated with the mass arrests of representatives of the Templar Order (Friday October 13, 1307). When Friday falls on the thirteenth of the month, it can be alarming for some people who are prejudiced. It seems to some people that on Friday the thirteenth they will be pursued by continuous setbacks, while others attribute this day to the increased activity of evil spirits. About 20 years ago, this collective unconscious fear, the American psychologist Donald Dossy coined the special term parasavedecatriaphobia . According to the results of his research, on this day America is losing $ 900 million due to a decline in productivity.

From a mathematical point of view, a feature of the modern Gregorian calendar with its leap-year system is a slightly higher probability that it is the 13th day of any month that will fall on Friday than any of the other six days of the week. This probability is only 0.3% higher ^[17]

The popular apocryphal “The Tale of Twelve Fridays” reflected the popular beliefs about Christianity. According to the work, on Fridays the most important tragic or terrible events in the sacred history took place: the expulsion of Adam from paradise (March 6); the killing of Cain Abel ; flooding (!), and not burning like in the Bible , Sodom and Gomorrah ; Egyptian executions ; the Moses sinking of the Egyptians in the Red Sea ; the capture of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans; the beating of Herod by infants in Bethlehem ; the murder of John the Baptist ; crucifixion of Jesus Christ . The legendary events related to Friday, but not related to the Bible, are also given: the setting of the icon case of the prophet Jeremiah before the Second Coming; the capture of vast lands by the “Hagarians” and the flight of many inhabitants to Crete ; capture by the " Ishmaelites " of numerous countries for 73 years ^[18] .

On the basis of the “Legend” in the Russian common people, all Fridays were divided into cherished (vowed) and temporary (nominal) . There were twelve temporary Fridays (as listed in the “Legend”) in the year: Christmas, Epiphany, Sretenskaya, Blagoveshchenskaya, Troitskaya, Ilyinskaya, etc. In the event of drought, crop failure, and for other reasons, people vowed to fast and not work on Fridays. Such Fridays were called treasured.

“The Legend of Twelve Fridays” and their superstitious veneration also existed in other European countries ^[4] .

Slavic-Russian lists of this apocrypha are available in two editions - Elevferievskaya and Klimentovskaya. The first is known only from Slavic manuscripts, the second - from Russian and European manuscripts and Russian spiritual verses. The difference between the two editions is in the distribution of Fridays on relatively large holidays and in the fact that Old Testament memories predominate in Elevfer'evskaya, and New Testament memories prevail in Klimentovskaya. A detailed study of “The Legend of Twelve Fridays” is devoted to a valuable study by A. Veselovsky: “The Legend of Twelve Fridays” ^{[4] [19]} .

The poet-monk Klimenty Zinoviev wrote about the Chernigov Litvinians that, according to ancient pagan customs, they worked on Sunday, and rested on Friday.

The personification of the Friday day among the people was the holy martyr Paraskeva (in Greek Παρασκευη - Friday). In the old months with the name of St. Paraskeva, the name Friday is also mentioned; in the ABC books it was directly interpreted that “Paraskovia” means “heels”. In the view of the people, Friday is often a special saint, whose memory is celebrated with St. Paraskeva ("St. Friday happens on St. Paraskeva"). Churches dedicated to Paraskeva are still called Pyatnitsky ^[4] .

St. Paraskeva Friday , according to popular beliefs, walks the earth, monitors the observance of his day, punishes those who do not comply with the prohibitions, sets overwork to them. According to Ukrainian legends, Friday goes all scratched, poked with spindles, thanks to those who scratched their hair or spun on Friday. The concept of Friday as a Christian saint was complicated among the people under the influence of ancient pagan beliefs; Friday, on whose image the idea of ​​the pagan goddess Mokoshi probably overlapped, was presented as the patroness of weddings and births, the bearer of fertility. Maidens praying for the bridegroom come to the help of Holy Friday; Friday is addressed in conspiracies to ensure the success of the harvest; under the Paraskeva Fridays icon, peasants laid the fruits of the harvest and stored them as a guarantee of the harvest of the future. It was believed that prayers in honor of Holy Friday help against disease; written on paper, they have the meaning of talismans ^[4] .

Prayers were served on Friday in the event of drought, rain threatening crops, deaths, and pestilence. The celebration of Friday was often accompanied by various pagan rites and games, which are indicated in Stoglava and in the Spiritual Rules ^[4] .

Friday, too zealous spurs, are also persecuted in the West, and the role of the punishing Paraskeva of Friday is played by Bert , who is the personification of Christmas time . And the person personifying Friday is Saint Venus , quite identical to the Russian Paraskeva; the lives of these two saints have many similarities ^[4] .

• Black Friday refers to any of several historical disasters that occurred on Fridays.
• Black Friday in the United States is called the Friday following Thanksgiving . With it begins the traditional Christmas season of sales

• Пятница — имя собственное персонажа романа Даниэля Дефо « Робинзон Крузо » , туземца, и героини романа « Пятница, которая убивает » фантаста Хайнлайна — шпионки и тренированного убийцы Пятницы Джонс.
• Группа The Cure посвятила пятнице одну из самых известных своих песен — Friday I'm In love .
• «POETS day» («День поэта») является фразой с акронимом , который используют рабочие Великобритании и Австралии , чтобы шутливо выразить своё отношение к пятнице как последнему дню рабочей недели. Акроним обычно расшифровывается: « P iss O ff E arly T omorrow’s S aturday» (по-смыслу: «плевать на всё, завтра суббота») ^[20] .
• Чёрная пятница — название рассказа А. Н. Толстого.
• 5'Nizza — украинский музыкальный дуэт, исполнявший песни в стиле рэгги и фанк.
• Пятница! — российский телеканал

• Пятница в Исламе