Science in Kazakhstan has a long tradition: from Soviet times, the republic inherited a developed network of scientific institutions and universities. For the period 1994-2011, the annual number of patent applications has increased from 1576 to 1732 [1] .
Content
- 1 History
- 2 Scientific and technical potential
- 3 Scientific organizations
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 References
History
In the Middle Ages , such scientists as Al-Farabi , Y. Balasaguni , A. Yassawi , M. Khaidar Dulati , K. Jalairi worked in the territory of modern Kazakhstan .
At the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century, scientists from Russia and several European countries began to explore the territory of Kazakhstan, to study the history, culture, life and customs of its population. One of the first was the Russian cartographer S. U. Remezov . After the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia, scientific research was carried out more widely and intensively. In 1733, the Russian Academy of Sciences organized an expedition to study the geography, geology and ethnography of Kazakhstan. Many academy scientists visited Kazakhstan from 1733 to 1771 : S.P. Krasheninnikov , I.G. Gmelin , I.I. Lepekhin , P.S. Pallas , I.P. Falk , P.I. Rychkov, and others.
In the 19th century, Russian and Kazakh oriental scientists made a contribution to the science of Kazakhstan: P. P. Semenov-Tien Shan , N. P. Rychkov , P. M. Melioransky , V. V. Radlov , V. V. Bartold , A A. Divaev , Ch. C. Valikhanov , A. Kunanbaev , I. Altynsarin and others.
The first fundamental work on the history of the Kazakhs, "Description of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh, or Kyrgyz-Kaisatsky, hordes and steppes" (1832), was created by A. I. Levshin , whom Valikhanov called Herodotus of the Kazakh people, and evaluated his monograph as an invaluable scientific asset.
At the beginning of the 20th century, most Kazakh children had the opportunity to study only in aul madrassas . On the eve of 1916, there were only a few Russian and Russian-Kazakh schools on the territory of Kazakhstan; 19,370 Kazakh children studied in them.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, scientific organizations have opened, such as the Regional Plant Protection Station (1924), the Research Institute of Fertilizers and Agronomic Soil Science (1926). Branches of the Main Geological Committee of the city of Almaty and the Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals began to work. In 1927, the Kazakhstan expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the comprehensive study of the natural resources of the republic was formed, headed by academician A.E. Fersman .
By 1932, there were more than 10 research institutes and experimental stations, hundreds of strong points, laboratories and meteorological stations, several exploration organizations in the republic.
On March 8, 1932, the Kazakhstan base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formed. The sectors of zoology and botany worked here.
In 1940 , the Kazakh branch of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences was organized ( VASKHNIL )
During the Great Patriotic War , many scientific institutions and higher educational institutions of the country were evacuated to the republic. World-famous scientists worked here - I.P. Bardin , L.S. Berg , V.I. Vernadsky , N.F. Gamaleya , I.I. Meshchaninov , N.D. Zelinsky , L.I. Mandelstam , N V. Tsitsin , S. G. Strumilin , A. M. Pankratova , A. E. Favorsky , S. E. Malov , V. G. Fesenkov , G. A. Tikhov , B. A. Vorontsov-Veliaminov , etc. .
The Institute of Astronomy and Physics, the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute founded in 1942 , and the Institutes of Soil Science, Botany, Zoology and Tropical Diseases in 1943 . In 1942-1945 , the institutes of chemistry, metallurgy and mining, refractory and building materials, and zoology were established.
In 1945, the institutes of history, archeology and ethnography, mining, soil science, the sector of mathematics and mechanics began to work.
In 1946, the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR was founded on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences .
Scientific and technical potential
Despite the general decline in scientific work in Kazakhstan after 1991, over the past 10 years, Kazakhstani science has achieved results, some of which are world-class.
Based on the research results, 877 patents were obtained, 136 samples of equipment were developed, 193 varieties of agricultural crops were created and tested, 14 new types, lines and breeds of farm animals were bred and tested. Design and engineering documentation for 36 high-tech industries has been prepared.
In 2003, 267 organizations performed research and development in the Republic of Kazakhstan . Among research specialists, 942 employees have a doctorate , and 2688 have a Ph.D.
Kazakhstan has unique (CIS-wide) research institutes, including the Institute of Combustion Problems (110 research workers), which studies the structure in the field of plasma chemistry and high-temperature synthesis, Institute of Organic Catalysis and Electrochemistry named after D.V. Sokolsky (110 researchers), which develops new catalytic systems, as well as the Institute of Chemical Sciences named after A. B. Bekturov (119 researchers), in which unique ion-exchange membranes are developed.
Scientific organizations
| Scientific organization | city | The main activities |
|---|---|---|
| Altai Department of the Institute of Geological Sciences K. Satpayev | Ust-Kamenogorsk | geology , tectonics , metallogeny , search for mineral deposits |
| Eastern Research Mining and Metallurgy Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals | Ust-Kamenogorsk | heavy non-ferrous metallurgy |
| Astrophysical Institute. V. Fesenkova | Alma-ata | astrophysics , atmospheric physics |
| State Scientific and Production Association of Industrial Ecology "Kazmekhanobr" [2] | Alma-ata | enrichment and processing of various types of ores, precious metals metallurgy , design of mining and metallurgical enterprises, ecology |
| Institute of Experimental Biology, ZAO | Alma-ata | genetics , biotechnology of farm animals |
| Mining Institute named after Kunaev | Alma-ata | mining engineering |
| Institute of Archeology A. Margulana | Alma-ata | archeology |
| Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (BPH) Center for Biological Research | Alma-ata | floristic, introduction studies, geobotany, paleobotany |
| Institute of Oriental Studies. R. Suleimenova | Alma-ata | Oriental studies , regional studies |
| Institute of Geography | Alma-ata | assessment of natural resource potential and landscape conditions |
| Institute of Geological Sciences K. Satpayev | Alma-ata | geology and deep structure of the earth's crust of Kazakhstan, minerals |
| Research Institute of Energy named after Academician Chokin | Alma-ata | power engineering |
| U. Ahmedsafin Institute of Hydrogeology and Hydrophysics | Alma-ata | groundwater , modeling of hydrogeological processes |
| Institute of Zoology | Alma-ata | zoology , conservation of biological diversity |
| Institute of the ionosphere | Alma-ata | Earth's atmosphere |
| Institute of History and Ethnology S. Ualikhanova | Alma-ata | basic research in the field of history , ethnology , anthropology of the Kazakh ethnos and other peoples inhabiting Kazakhstan |
| Space Research Institute Academician W. M. Sultangazin | Alma-ata | remote sensing, the study of the properties of metal melts in microgravity . |
| Institute of Literature and Art. M. Auezova | Alma-ata | literary criticism , folklore , art criticism , history of Kazakh folklore |
| Institute of Mathematics | Alma-ata | mathematics , mathematical modeling |
| Institute of Metallurgy and Enrichment | Alma-ata | technological metallurgy improvement, synthesis of high-temperature materials with desired properties |
| Institute of Mechanics and Engineering U. Dzholdasbekova | Alma-ata | methods for calculating the strength of machines, the study of mechanics and technological processes in the Earth |
| Institute of Microbiology and Virology | Alma-ata | the preservation of beneficial microorganism strains, the creation of microbiological protection of agricultural plants, animals and humans |
| Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry M. A. Aitkhozhina | Alma-ata | molecular biology , genetics , bioengineering |
| Institute of General Genetics and Cytology | Alma-ata | genetics , cytology |
| Institute of Organic Catalysis and Electrochemistry D. Sokolsky | Alma-ata | natural resources processing, development of new renewable energy sources |
| Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry | Karaganda | hydrogenation of heavy hydrocarbons |
| Institute of Nutrition | Alma-ata | metabolism , digestive system diseases |
| Institute of Applied Mathematics | Karaganda | Theoretical mathematics, computer science and computational mathematics |
| Institute for Combustion Problems | Alma-ata | creation of new, highly efficient technologies and materials using combustion processes in various fields |
| Institute of Informatics and Management | Alma-ata | development and research of methods and means of information security |
| Institute for Integrated Subsoil Development | Karaganda | study, development and research of deposits of natural and man-made ores |
| Institute of Seismology | Alma-ata | earthquake prediction and reduction |
| Institute of Chemical Sciences A. Bekturova | Alma-ata | membranes, polymers |
| Institute of Industrial Biotechnology | Stepnogorsk | selection of microorganisms for the pharmaceutical, food, microbiological, veterinary, feed industry |
| Institute of Human and Animal Physiology | Alma-ata | physiology , lymphatic system |
| Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology | Alma-ata | Plant bioengineering, cell, molecular biology and genetic engineering |
| Institute of Philosophy and Political Science | Alma-ata | |
| International Research and Production Holding "Phytochemistry" , JSC (formerly Institute of Phytochemistry) | Karaganda | phytochemical study of plant materials of Kazakhstan; search for new biologically active compounds; pharmaceutical manufacturing |
| Institute of Economics | Alma-ata | Development of the Kazakhstan model of sustainable economic growth |
| Institute of Linguistics A. Baitursynova | Alma-ata | phonetics , lexicology , lexicography , grammar , speech culture , ethnolinguistics , onomastics of the Kazakh language . |
| Kazakh Academy of Education I. Altynsarin | Alma-ata | research on general and vocational education |
| Kazakh State Research Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (KazgosINTI) | Alma-ata | deposit of information resources in the form of databases and data banks by industry |
| National Center for Scientific and Technical Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Alma-ata | Carries out the collection, processing, analysis of document flows. |
| Research Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics | Alma-ata | methods of teaching mathematics mechanics |
| Research Institute of Ecology Problems, KazNU al-farabi | Alma-ata | environmental monitoring |
| Research Institute for Biosafety Issues | Guards | prevention and diagnosis of especially dangerous animal diseases |
| Research Institute of Financial and Banking Management | Alma-ata | monetary system of Kazakhstan |
| Research Institute of Chemical Technologies and Materials | Alma-ata | development of new chemical technologies and materials |
| Research Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics | Alma-ata | Actual problems of the theory of relativity , gravity and quantum mechanics |
| Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, KazNU al-farabi | Alma-ata | hormonal regulation in cells |
| National Center for Biotechnology of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Astana , Stepnogorsk , | Molecular Genetics, Applied Biotechnology, Microbiology , Selection |
| National Center for State Standards of Education and Testing | Astana | standardization |
| Republican Scientific and Pedagogical Library | Alma-ata | library |
| Republican Scientific and Technical Library | Alma-ata | library |
| Republican Scientific and Methodological Center for Informatization of Education | Alma-ata | providing a unified scientific, technical, methodological and organizational policy in the field of education informatization |
| Seismological experimental-methodical expedition | Alma-ata | registration and processing of earthquake data from controlled territories and surrounding areas |
| Institute of Physics and Technology | Alma-ata | condensed matter physics, high energy physics |
| Institute of Nuclear Physics NNC RK | Alma-ata | applied research in nuclear physics |
| Chemical and Metallurgical Institute named after J. Abishev | Karaganda | enrichment and sintering of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, technologies for processing substandard and technogenic raw materials |
| Center for Physical and Chemical Research and Analysis Methods | Alma-ata | analysis and development of methods for the analysis of industrial products, raw materials and environmental objects, the development of new chemical technologies |
| Central Laboratory for Biological Research of Medicinal Compounds | Astana | development and testing of new drugs |
| Central Scientific Library of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Alma-ata | creation of a system of fundamental bibliographic and abstract databases |
See also
- Education in Kazakhstan
- Universities of Kazakhstan
- Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan
Notes
- ↑ Sultanova L.Sh., Aydinova M.A. The significance of the transfer channel of new technologies for Uzbekistan // Actual problems of modern science. - 2014. - No. 1 (2,3). - S. 87
- ↑ Website of the Branch "Scientific Center of the CPMS of the Republic of Kazakhstan" GNPOPE "Kazmekhanobr" .
Links
- Science in Kazakhstan
- The development of science in Kazakhstan
- The history of scientific thought in Kazakhstan
- Science and education on the website of the President of Kazakhstan
- Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
- List of leading scientists and teachers of higher educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan