The North Catalan dialect of the Catalan language or the Roussillon dialect ( Cat. Català septentrional or rossellonès , fr. Roussillonnais ) is a dialect of Northern Catalonia and the surrounding areas of Southern Catalonia , which is part of the group of eastern dialects of the Catalan language.
North Catalan dialect | |
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| Self name | cat. català septentrional |
| Country | France , Spain |
| Regions | Eastern Pyrenees and surrounding areas of Spanish Catalonia |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Indo-European family
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| Writing | Latin ( Catalan alphabet ) |
Talking
The following dialects (sub-dialects) are distinguished in the North Catalan dialect:
- Kapsirsky sub-dialect
- North Catalan transitional sub-dialect (also close to the Central Catalan dialect )
Key Features
The main differences between the North Catalan dialect and the literary language are:
- the use of numerous gallicisms and borrowings from the Occitan language (fewer borrowings from Spanish);
- change of verb forms under the influence of the French language , own regional verb forms: instead of soc - sóm , pronounced [sun] - "I am";
- in phonetics, the transition of the closed vowel [o] to [u]: Canigó is pronounced [kəni'γu];
- accent in words that end in a vowel on the penultimate syllable with no exceptions: ep o ca instead of è poca , mus i ca instead of m ú sica ;
- pronunciation of all adjectives ending in -il or -ic , with the endings -il • le and -ique : fàcil → facil • le - “simple”;
- disappearance -l- before -t- : escutar instead of escoltar - “listen”, mutú instead of moltó ;
- transition of ending -ia to -i : història → histori - “history”, gràcies → gràci - “thank you”;
- transition of endings -eix and -aix to -ei and -ai : peix → pei - “fish”, calaix → calai - “box”
North Catalan Example
| First conjugation | Second conjugation | Third conjugation |
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| Present tense Present d'indicatiu | ||
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| Incomplete past tense Imperfet d'indicatiu | ||
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| Conditional mood, Condicional | ||
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| A descriptive past just perfect tense, Pretèrit perfet perifràstic | ||
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| Incomplete subjunctive, Imperfet subjuntiu | ||
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Lexical Regionalism
Below are the most commonly used North Catalan words that differ from the literary language:
Gallicisms
Dialecticism / literary version:
- cahier / llibreta - notebook,
- cartable / cartera - portfolio,
- craiun / llapis - pencil,
- votura / automòbil or cotxe (which is a borrowing from Spanish) - a machine,
- jornal / diari - magazine, periodical,
- socissa / botifarra - sausage, sausage,
- trotuart / voravia - sidewalk,
- presque / gairebé - almost,
- a peu prés / més o menys - more or less,
- afrosament / espantosament - horrific,
- agaçant / empipador - annoying,
- assieta / plat - plate,
- xarmant / encantador - enchanting,
- vitessa / velocitat - speed,
- usina / fàbrica - factory,
- tupet / barra - bar,
- survetllar / vigilar - to look after,
- servieta / tovalló - towel,
- même / fins i tot - even,
- se fatxar / renyir, enfadar-se - anger,
- domatge / pena, or llàstima (which is a loan from Spanish) - sorry,
- contravenció / multa - crime
Occitanism (Languedoc)
- let / leda / lleig / lletja - ugly, nasty,
- ruta / carretera - road,
- veire / got - cat,
- belleu / potser - maybe
- jaupar / lladrar - bark,
- estonant / estrany - stranger, foreigner,
- ribera / riu - river
Spanishism
- ademés / a més - hereinafter,
- hasta / fins - to,
- apoio - support,
- atràs - back
- gasto / despesa - consumption,
- desditxa / infeliçitat - misfortune,
- ciego / cec / cego - blind
The verb eixir “go out” (in the literary language sortir ) is used both in the North Catalan dialect and in the Valencian dialects
Literature
- Els castellanismes del rossellonès Joan Veny, Estudis de geolingüística catalana, Barcelona 1978
- Joan Veny, Els parlars catalans: Síntesi de dialectologia, Palma de Mallorca, editorial Moll, 2002, 13a ed. (1re éd. 1982), 173 p. ( ISBN 84-273-1038-2 ), p. 40-54
- Joan Veny, Petit atles lingüístic del domini català, vol. 1, Barcelona, Institut d'Estudis Catalans, novembre 2008, 2a ed. (1ra ed. 2007) ( ISBN 978-84-92583-61-4 )
Links
- (Catalan.) , (French) Perception of the Catalan language by tourists in Northern Catalonia
Catalan dialects | ||
WESTERN DIALECTS a) Northwest 1. Lleida subdialect 2. Ribagorsky sub-dialect i. Benas pact 3. Palyar subdialect b) Western transitional dialects 1. Valencia Transitional Subdialect 2. Matarran subdialect c) Valencian language (dialect) 1. Castellon subdialect 2. Central Valencian sub-dialect 3. South Valencia Sub-Dialect 4. Alakan sub-dialect 5. Murcia subdialect (It existed from the XIII century until the beginning of the XVI century and now does not exist, the features of vocabulary and grammar influenced the Murcia dialect of the Spanish language ) TRANSITIONAL DIALECTS a) Shipelia * (on the border of Western and Eastern dialects) 1. Solson subdialect b) Sub-dialect of Tarbena and Val de Galleiners * (influenced by the Mallorca dialect) | EASTERN DIALECTS a) North Catalan 1. Capsir subdialect 2. North Catalan Transitional Subdialect b) Central Catalan * (became the basis for the literary Catalan language) 1. Subdialect salad * 2. Barcelona sub-dialect 3. Tarragonesian sub-dialect c) Balearic 1. Mallorkin i. Soliery plot ii. The Polensky Sentence 2. Menorca sub-dialect i. Menorca Oriental Pact ii. Menorca western plot 3. Ibiza sub-dialect i. Ibiza Rural Eastback ii. Ibiza Rural Western Conspiracy iii. Ibiza urban reprimand d) Algerian | OTHER a) Patuet (disappeared) b) Jewish Catalan (disappeared) c) Catanyol |