Goldstone boson

In elementary particle physics and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu-Goldstone bosons are bosons that necessarily appear in models experiencing spontaneous breaking of continuous symmetry. They were discovered by Yoichiro Nambu in the context of the BCS superconductivity mechanism ^[1] , and later explained and systematically generalized in the light of quantum field theory by D. Goldstone ^[2] .

Examples of real particles ^[3] :

Particle	Symbol	Mass , MeV / c ²	Interactions in which participates	Spin	Life time , c	Decay Example (> 5%)	Electric charge e
Peonies	π ^± , π ⁰	139.6	Strong , electromagnetic , weak , gravitational	0	2.6⋅10 ⁻⁸	$\pi ^{+}\to \mu ^{+}+\nu _{\mu }$ ${\ displaystyle \ pi ^ {+} \ to \ mu ^ {+} + \ nu _ {\ mu}}$ ${\ displaystyle \ pi ^ {+} \ to \ mu ^ {+} + \ nu _ {\ mu}}$ $\pi ^{-}\to \mu ^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{\mu }$ ${\ displaystyle \ pi ^ {-} \ to \ mu ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ nu}} _ {\ mu}}$ ${\ displaystyle \ pi ^ {-} \ to \ mu ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ nu}} _ {\ mu}}$	± 1, 0
Kaons	K ^± , K ⁰ , K _L , K _S ...	493.7 ÷ 497.6	Strong , electromagnetic , weak , gravitational	0 ^-	0.89⋅10 ⁻¹⁰ ÷ 5.2⋅10 ⁻⁸	( see )	± 1, 0

Examples of quasiparticles ^[3] :

Particle	Symbol	Mass , MeV / c ²	Spin	Life time , c	Decay Example (> 5%)	Electric charge e
Phonon			0	Quasiparticle
Magnon			one	Quasiparticle

Notes

↑ Nambu, 1960 .
↑ Goldstone, 1961 .
↑ ¹ ² A.M. Prokhorov. Physical Encyclopedia, 1988-1999. The article "Goldstone bosons"

Literature

Goldstone bosons // Physical Encyclopedia : [in 5 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia (t. 1-2); Great Russian Encyclopedia (t. 3-5), 1988-1999. - ISBN 5-85270-034-7 .
Nambu, Y. Quasiparticles and Gauge Invariance in the Theory of Superconductivity // Physical Review. - 1960. - Vol. 117 . - P. 648–663 . - DOI : 10.1103 / PhysRev.117.648 .
Goldstone, J. Field Theories with Superconductor Solutions (English) // Nuovo Cimento. - 1961. - Vol. 19 . - P. 154–164 . - DOI : 10.1007 / BF02812722 .
Goldstone, J, Salam, Abdus, Weinberg, Steven. Broken Symmetries (Eng.) // Physical Review. - 1962. - Vol. 127 . - P. 965–970 . - DOI : 10.1103 / PhysRev . 127.965 .
Volkov, DV, Akulov, V. Is the neutrino a goldstone particle? (Eng.) // Physics Letters. - 1973. - Vol. B46 . - P. 109-110 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0370-2693 (73) 90490-5 .
Salam et al., A. On Goldstone Fermion (Eng.) // Physics Letters. - 1974. - Vol. B49 . - P. 465-467 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0370-2693 (74) 90637-6 .

[_3e309619ac82d9da-1] Nambu, 1960 .

[_aeb5730edb27ab9d-2] Goldstone, 1961 .

[ФЭ-3] ¹ ² A.M. Prokhorov. Physical Encyclopedia, 1988-1999. The article "Goldstone bosons"

Goldstone boson

Notes

Literature

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