Disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum - a group of mental conditions with a clear set of diagnostic criteria that have similarities in clinical features or similarity at the level of the mechanism or etiology of the disorder [1] . Typically, these disorders have clinical features common with schizophrenia [1] . These disorders can be based on common genetic defects that cause susceptibility to traumatic factors, and it is likely that they represent different manifestations of the underlying underlying vulnerability [2] . In addition to schizophrenia per se, schizotypal personality disorder and schizoaffective disorder are usually attributed to schizophrenic spectrum disorders [1] . However, the results of genetic studies suggest the inclusion in the spectrum of also affective psychotic states [3] [4] [1] . Due to the limited knowledge of the etiopathology of schizophrenia, the diagnostic criteria for this disease and similar disorders are arbitrary to some extent [5] .
Content
List of schizophrenic spectrum disorders
Many studies include at least 6 disorders other than schizophrenia in the category of schizophrenic spectrum disorders: [1]
- schizophreniform disorder [6] ;
- schizoaffective disorder [4] ;
- delusional disorder [4] [7] [8] ;
- affective disorders: bipolar affective disorder with psychotic symptoms and a severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms [6] [9] [10] ;
- psychotic disorderBDU [4] [11] ;
Nonpsychotic personality disorders related to schizophrenic disorders related to schizophrenic spectrum disorders:
- schizotypal personality disorder [12] ;
- paranoid personality disorder [4] [13] ;
- schizoid personality disorder [14] .
There is also some evidence that Anxiety Disorder is a disorder of the schizophrenic spectrum [15] .
A. Zhablensky's classification
A. Zhablensky distinguishes the following types of schizophrenic spectrum [16] [17] :
- Solid spectrum
- borderline forms - latent schizophrenia
- progressive forms of schizophrenia
- "Soft spectrum"
- schizotypal personality disorder
- acute schizophrenic psychoses
- “Mild” neurological syndromes found in close relatives of schizophrenics
Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders and Other Psychotic Disorders
The 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR) included a section on schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, which was renamed in the last 5th edition ( DSM-5 ) to “ schizophrenia spectrum disorders and other psychotic disorders ”( Eng. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders ).
Schizophrenic spectrum disorders were combined with “other psychotic disorders” based on common characteristics: disorganized thinking , hallucinations, delusions, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. The term " psychosis " has different meanings, but starting with DSM-III, in the USA its use is more clearly formulated: the experience of a break with reality.
The group "schizophrenic spectrum disorders and other psychotic disorders" includes: [18]
- Schizotypal Disorder (Personality)
- Delusional disorder
- Brief Psychotic Disorder
- Schizophreniform disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Schizoaffective disorder . Bipolar type
- Schizoaffective disorder . Depressive type
- Substance / Drug Psychotic Disorder
- Psychotic disorder caused by another disease
- Psychotic disorder caused by another disease. Delirious
- Psychotic disorder caused by another disease. Hallucinations
- Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier)
- Catatonic disorder due to another disease
- Unspecified catatonia
- Other specified schizophrenic spectrum disorder and other psychotic disorders
- Unspecified schizophrenic spectrum disorder and other psychotic disorders
The structure of the schizophrenic chapter has changed, so that schizophrenic spectrum disorders are now combined with other psychotic disorders . Disorders in the manual are now located from the least light to the most severe. The severity is determined by the number, level and duration of psychotic symptoms and signs.
Schizotypal personality disorder is included in the schizophrenic spectrum disorder section and other psychotic disorders, but the text and criteria remain in the personality disorder section. Schizotypal personality disorder is in this group, since DSM-III has proven its close etiological relationship with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. However, the developers of the manual do not consider psychotic disorder.
Delirium is the only clinical characteristic of delusional disorder; in the DSM-IV / DSM-IV-TR it should have been “not pretentious” by definition. Previously, delusional disorder was limited only to English. "Nonbizarre delusions" (unusual delirium), otherwise the diagnosis was changed. Now this item has been removed, and delusional disorder may have artsy delusions.
Schizotype
Schizotypic disorder - a syndromic complex similar to schizophrenia and partly with schizoaffective disorder; its main difference from schizophrenia is the inconstant, transient nature of psychotic experiences. In addition to poorly expressed psychosis-like experiences, schizotypic patients often have poor relationships with people and cognitive impairment similar to impairment in schizophrenia, but less severe.
| Schizophrenia | Schizotypy |
|---|---|
|
It does not meet the full diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia |
Schizotypy and schizophrenia usually accompany each other in families, and this indicates that they may have common genetic risk factors. However, schizotypy is not found solely as a precursor to schizophrenia; apparently, it is most likely an alternative manifestation of the underlying vulnerability, which may (or may not) portend the development of schizophrenia.
Heredity for Schizophrenia
The likelihood of a schizophrenic spectrum disorder (schizoaffective disorder, schizotypic, paranoid personality disorder, etc.) is significantly increased in the presence of close relatives of schizophrenia patients [19] [20] [21] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders / Ed. Michael S. Ritsner. - Dordrecht , Heidelberg , London , New York : Springer Science + Business Media , 2011 .-- Vol. I. - 494 p. - ISBN 978-94-007-0836-5 . (eng.)
- ↑ Davies, 2008 .
- ↑ Tienari P., Wynne LC, Läksy K., Moring J., Nieminen P., Sorri A., Lahti I., Wahlberg KE Genetic Boundaries of the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Evidence From the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia (English) // American Journal of Psychiatry : journal. - American Psychiatric Publishing, 2003. - Vol. 160 , no. 9 . - P. 1587-1594 . - ISSN 0002-953X . - DOI : 10.1176 / appi.ajp.160.9.1587 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Tsuang MT Psychiatric Illness in First-degree Relatives of Schizophrenic and Surgical Control Patients. A Family Study Using DSM-III Criteria (Eng.) // Archives of General Psychiatry : journal. - American Medical Association (AMA), 1985. - 1 August ( vol. 42 , no. 8 ). - P. 770 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - DOI : 10.1001 / archpsyc.1985.01790310032004 .
- ↑ Davies, 2008 , The schizophrenia spectrum.
- ↑ 1 2 Maier W., Falkai P., Wagner M. (1999) Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a review. B: Maj M., Sartorius N. (eds) Schizophrenia. Wiley, New York, NY, pp 311-371
- ↑ Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS An Independent Analysis of the Copenhagen Sample of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia (Eng.) // Archives of General Psychiatry : journal. - American Medical Association, 1981. - Vol. 38 , no. 9 . - P. 985 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - DOI : 10.1001 / archpsyc.1981.01780340037004 .
- ↑ Kenneth S. Kendler. Paranoid Psychosis (Delusional Disorder) and Schizophrenia. A Family History Study (Eng.) // Archives of General Psychiatry : journal. - American Medical Association (AMA), 1981. - Vol. 38 , no. 5 . - P. 547 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - DOI : 10.1001 / archpsyc.1980.01780300059007 .
- ↑ Prescott CA, Gottesman II Genetically mediated vulnerability to schizophrenia. (Eng.) // The Psychiatric clinics of North America: journal. - 1993. - Vol. 16 , no. 2 . - P. 245-267 . - ISSN 0193-953X . - PMID 8332563 .
- ↑ Kendler KS (2000) Schizophrenia: genetics. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (eds) Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 7th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1147-1188.
- ↑ Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV Toward Reformulating the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia (English) // American Journal of Psychiatry : journal. - American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000. - Vol. 157 , no. 7 . - P. 1041-1050 . - ISSN 0002-953X . - DOI : 10.1176 / appi.ajp.157.7.1041 .
- ↑ Robert L. Spitzer. Crossing the Border Into Borderline Personality and Borderline Schizophrenia. The Development of Criteria (Eng.) // Archives of General Psychiatry : journal. - American Medical Association, 1979. - Vol. 36 , no. 1 . - P. 17 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - DOI : 10.1001 / archpsyc.1979.01780010023001 .
- ↑ Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM Genetic relationship between paranoid personality disorder and the “schizophrenic spectrum” disorders (Eng.) // American Journal of Psychiatry : journal. - American Psychiatric Publishing, 1982. - Vol. 139 , no. 9 . - P. 1185-1186 . - ISSN 0002-953X . - DOI : 10.1176 / ajp.139.9.1185 .
- ↑ Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM An Independent Analysis of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. VI. The Relationship Between Psychiatric Disorders as Defined by DSM-III in the Relatives and Adoptees (Eng.) // Archives of General Psychiatry : journal. - American Medical Association, 1984. - Vol. 41 , no. 6 . - P. 555 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - DOI : 10.1001 / archpsyc.1984.01790170029004 .
- ↑ Fogelson DL, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RA, Payne DL, Subotnik KL, Jacobson KC et al. Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders (English) // Schizophrenia Research : journal. - Elsevier , 2007 .-- Vol. 91 , no. 1-3 . - P. 192-199 . - ISSN 09209964 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.schres.2006.12.023 .
- ↑ W. M. Bleicher, I.V. Crook. Schizophrenic spectrum // Explanatory dictionary of psychiatric terms. - MODEK, 1995. - ISBN 5-87224-067-8 .
- ↑ Zhmurov V.A. Schizophrenic spectrum // Psychiatry. Encyclopedia. - T / O "Neformat", 2016.
- ↑ American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) . - Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013 .-- P. 87—122. - 992 p. - ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1 . - ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8 . - ISBN 0-89042-554-X .
- ↑ Kendler KS, McGuire M., Gruenberg AM, O'Hare A., Spellman M., Walsh D. The Roscommon Family Study. I. Methods, diagnosis of probands, and risk of schizophrenia in relatives. (English) // Archives of general psychiatry : journal. - 1993. - Vol. 50 , no. 7 . - P. 527-540 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - PMID 8317947 . (eng.)
- ↑ Kendler KS, McGuire M., Gruenberg AM, Spellman M., O'Hare A., Walsh D. The Roscommon Family Study. II. The risk of nonschizophrenic nonaffective psychoses in relatives. (English) // Archives of general psychiatry : journal. - 1993. - Vol. 50 , no. 8 . - P. 645-652 . - ISSN 0003-990X . - PMID 8343035 . (eng.)
- ↑ Kendler KS, Diehl SR The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective. (English) // Schizophrenia bulletin : journal. - 1993. - Vol. 19 , no. 2 . - P. 261-285 . - ISSN 0586-7614 . - PMID 8322035 . (eng.)
Literature
- Eric J. Davies. Developmental aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders: possible implications for treatment strategies (Eng.) // Advances In Psychiatric Treatment: journal. - 2007. - Vol. 13 . - P. 384-391 . - DOI : 10.1192 / apt.bp.106.002600 . Translation: Aspects of schizophrenia and related diseases related to development: a possible impact on treatment strategies // Review of modern psychiatry. - 2008. - Issue. 36 .
- Dunaevsky VV Schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizotypic disorders, chronic delusional psychoses // Psychiatry and Addiction: an electronic textbook - St. Petersburg State Medical University. I.P. Pavlova.