Domnall poppy Aedo [1] ( Domnall poppy Aeda ; Dr. Irl. Domnall mac Áedo; Domnall mac Áeda ; died at the end of January 642 ) - King Kenel Conyll (future Tyrkonnell ; 615–642) and High King of Ireland (628–642 ) from the North Wye Neilles . One of the few Irish rulers, endowed with the title "King of Ireland" in medieval historical sources .
| Domnall Mac Aedo | |||||||
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| Dr. Irl. Domnall mac Áedo | |||||||
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| Predecessor | Mael Kobo Mack Aedo | ||||||
| Successor | Kellah Mack Mael Kobo Conall Kael | ||||||
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| Predecessor | Suibne Zaika | ||||||
| Successor | Kellah Mack Mael Kobo Conall Kael | ||||||
| Birth | |||||||
| Death | 642 | ||||||
| Kind | Kenel Conyle | ||||||
| Father | Aed Mack Einmereh | ||||||
| Mother | Lann Ingen Aedo | ||||||
| Spouse | Duinseh | ||||||
| Children | sons: Aengus, Fergus Fan, Ailil Flann Esa , Conall, Kolka | ||||||
Biography
Origin
Domnall was the son of the ruler, Kenel Conill, and the High King of Ireland, Aed Mack Einmerah , who died in 598, and Lannes, daughter of Aed Guaire from the Sept Wye Mack Kirtinn [2] . The first mention of Domnall in historical sources dates from the period 570s-590s. This evidence is contained in the life of Columbus written at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries by Adomananne [3] . It reports on the meeting of the saint with the still young Domnall in Druim Ket, during which Columbus predicted Domnall great glory and non-violent death in old age [4] . According to the testimony of life, this meeting took place during a large meeting of the nobility and the clergy, which was attended by St. Columbus, the High King of Ireland Aed Mack Einmereh and the ruler of Dal Riada Aidan . The Irish annals date this event 575 year [5] . However, this dating is probably erroneous, since then Aed was not yet the supreme king. It is only known for certain that the meeting in Druim Ket could not take place later than 597, the date of death of St. Columbus [6] [7] .
Domnall's elder brother Mack Aedo, the supreme king of Ireland, Mael Kobo mack Aedo , died in 615 in a battle with Suibne Zaika of the Kenel Eogain family. After his death, the title of supreme king passed to Suibna, and Domnall inherited power over Kenel Conayle [6] .
High King of Ireland
The first mention of Domnall poppy Aedo in the Irish annals dates back to 628. This year, the battle of Botha is dated, in which Domnall was defeated by the High King of Ireland, Suibne Zaika. However, shortly after the battle, Suibne was killed by the king of Ulster Kongal Krivoy [8] , whom the legends called (along with the king of Connaught Rogallah poppy Uatahom ) a pupil of Domnall [4] . It is assumed that after the assassination of Suibne, the ruler of Ulster himself intended to become the supreme king of Ireland [9] , however, this title went to King Kenel Conayle [6] [10] . According to legend, the conflict over the possession of the title of supreme king led to the severance of good neighborly relations between Domnall and Kongal [4] .
Probably wanting to confirm his exaltation by receiving a traditional tribute , Domnall poppy Aedo raided Leinster the same year and plundered the lands of this kingdom [6] [11] [12] . Domnall’s receipt of tribute from cattle from Leinster is also mentioned in the Irish saga Boroma [13] .
In the records of the events of 629, the annals report a battle at Fid Eoin, in which the leader of the Ulster coolman Mael Kaih mack Sgannail (possibly the brother of King Ulster) defeated the allied Domnallu mak Aedo kingdom of Dal Riad. On the battlefield, the king of the British Scottes Connad , two grandchildren of King Aidan and the soldiers they hired from Bernitz fell. However, later that same year, at the battle of Dun Keithirn (near Coleraine ), the supreme king Domnall defeated the Ulster army led by Kongal Krivy [6] [8] [9] [14] .
In the first half of the 630s, the possessions of the Wye Neilles embraced internecine wars: in 630, a power struggle unfolded in the kingdom of Aileh , and in 634–635, military clashes took place between representatives of the Clann Holmain clan who ruled in Mead and the Brega kings of the Sil Aedo Slan clan . These conflicts allowed the ruler of Ulster Kongal Krivoy to again claim his title of supreme king of Ireland and even probably to be titled king of Tara , as mentioned in the Irish annals. However, the cessation of civil strife among the Wye Neilles made it possible for Domnall poppy Aedo in 635 to conclude an alliance against the ruler of Ulster with co-rulers Kings Bregi Diarmait and Blatmak poppy Aedo Slane [6] [9] . According to legend, due to persecution by Domnall, Kongal Krivoy was forced to flee to Britain . Here he found refuge with King Dal Riad Domnall I , who, under the influence of Kongal, broke his alliance with the supreme king of Ireland [4] .
In 637, having gathered a large army and navy, Kongal resumed military operations against Domnall poppy Aedo. The king of Ulster was joined by the ruler of Dal Riada Domnall I, king of Aileh Krundmael poppy Suibni , as well as, according to legend, the Britons and Anglo-Saxons [4] . To fight his rival, Domnall poppy Aedo created a coalition that included representatives of both the North and the South Wye Neil. On the side of the supreme king of Ireland, in addition to his nephews Kellah mack Mael Kobo and Conall Kael , the co-regents Bregi Diarmait and Blatmak mak Aedo Slane and their brother Dunhad [15] acted. In the battle of Mag Roth (modern ), Domnall's poppy Mac Aedo won a decisive victory over the Ulster army. Among the dead were King Kongal Krivoy, as well as the son and grandson of the former king Mide Conall Gutbinn , Ayrmetakh Krivoy and Faelkhu mak Ayrmetayg, who fought on the side of the Ulsterians. King Dal of the Riad Domnall I managed to escape from the battlefield. The Irish annals also report on the battle of Mag Roth on the same day as the naval battle of Syltir (off the coast of Kintyr Peninsula), in which the Domnall poppy Aedo, led by Conall Kael, defeated the combined fleet of Aileh and Dal Riad [6] [8] [ 16] [17] [18] . The victories at the Mouth of Roth and Sailtir allowed Domnall to get rid of his main enemy - King Kongal Krivoy [9] , and the rulers of Brega Diarmait and Blatmak to become the most influential rulers among the South Wye Neil [17] . In turn, the defeated King Dal of Riad Domnall I forever lost control of his Irish lands. Since then, the possessions of Dal-Riad rulers were limited only to the northern regions of Britain (future Scotland ) [19] [20] [21] .
Domnall poppy Aedo died at the end of January 642 [22] , possibly after a long illness. The place of his death was Ard Fotad [23] . Reporting the demise of this monarch, the Irish annals call him “the king of Ireland” ( lat. Rex Hiberniae ), although the “king of Tara” was the more common title for the supreme kings of this time. Until the middle of the 9th century, only two persons in the Irish annals - Domnall poppy Aedo and his grandson Loingsheh pop Engusso - were mentioned as rulers of all of Ireland. In total, for the entire period of the Early Middle Ages, only twelve rulers were awarded the annals of the title “King of Ireland”. It is believed that such a title was borrowed by medieval annalists from the Chronicles of Ireland, compiled on Iona, a common source for early Irish historiography . This extremely rarely used title testifies to the significant influence Domnall had on events in Ireland during his reign [6] [22] [24] [25] .
After the death of Domnall poppy Aedo, his nephews Kellah poppy Mael Kobo and Conall Kael, who became co-kings, inherited the power over Kenel Conill and the title of High King of Ireland [10] [15] . This is known from the reports of the Irish annals and lists of supreme kings in the Leinster Book and the treatise Laud Synchronisms . However, the oldest of the lists of the kings of Tara, preserved in the saga " Vision of Conn ", calls the successors of Domnall the kings Diarmait and Blatmak poppy Aedo Slane [17] [26] [27] . Probably, the rulers of Brega after the death of Domnall poppy Aedo claimed the title of supreme king, which was reflected in the contradictory reports of medieval sources about the successors of Domnall [17] [28] . It is assumed that Kellah and Conall were recognized as the only supreme kings of Ireland only in the possessions of the Northern Wye Neilles, while among the South Wye Neilles the kings Domnall and Blatmack could also be considered in this capacity [15] .
Family
According to the 12th-century treatise “ Banshenchas ” (“On Famous Women”), Duhnseh was the wife of Domnall poppy Aedo, who died in 639 [6] [29] [30] . The children from this marriage were Angus (died in 650), Fergus Fanat, Ailil Flann Esa (died in 666), and Conall and Kolka who died in 663. The grandchildren of Domnall Loingseh pop Engusso and Kongal Kennmagyr as well as their grandfather had the titles of supreme kings of Ireland [2] .
Notes
- ↑ Also known as the supreme king of Ireland, Domnall II.
- ↑ 1 2 Byrne F. D., 2006 , p. 320.
- ↑ Adnoman . The Life of St. Columbus (Book I, Chapter 10).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Ó hÓgáin D. Myth, legend & romance: an encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition . - Prentse Hall Press, 1991 .-- P. 163-165. - ISBN 978-0-1327-5959-5 .
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 575.1).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Charles-Edwards TM Domnall mac Áeda (d. 642) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . - Oxford University Press , 2004. - Vol. Xvi. - P. 489-490.
- ↑ Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba . - Penguin Books , 1995 .-- 432 p. - ISBN 978-0-1419-0741-3 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Byrne F. D., 2006 , p. 137-138.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Charles- EdwardsTM Congal Cáech (d. 637) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. - Oxford University Press, 2004. - Vol. XII. - P. 929.
- ↑ 1 2 Byrne F. D., 2006 , p. 312.
- ↑ Byrne F. D., 2006 , p. 177.
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 628.6).
- ↑ Traditions and myths of medieval Ireland. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow University , 1991. - S. 187. - ISBN 5-211-00885-5 .
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 629.2).
- ↑ 1 2 3 Charles- EdwardsTM Cellach mac Máele Coba (d. 658) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. - Oxford University Press, 2004. - Vol. X. - P. 805-806.
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 637.1); Annals of Inishfalllen (year 639.2); Annals of Tigernach (year 639.1); Annals of the Four Masters (year 634.4); The Scottish Chronicle (year 637).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Charles- EdwardsTM Blaímac mac Áeda (d. 665) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. - Oxford University Press, 2004. - Vol. VI. - P. 70.
- ↑ Mac Niocaill G., 1972 , p. 96.
- ↑ Dillon M. and Chadwick N.K. Celtic kingdoms. - SPb. : Eurasia , 2002 .-- pp. 94-95. - ISBN 5-8071-0108-1 .
- ↑ Williams A., Smyth AP, Kirby DP A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales, c. 500 - c. 1050 . - Psychology Press, 1991. - P. xvi. - ISBN 978-1-8526-4047-7 .
- ↑ Ziegler M. Oswald and the Irish // Issue: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe. - 2001. - Vol. four.
- ↑ 1 2 Byrne F. D., 2006 , p. 139-140 and 291-292.
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 642.1); Annals of the Four Masters (year 639.2).
- ↑ Ní Dhonnchadha M. Loingsech mac Óenguso (d. 704) // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. - Oxford University Press, 2004. - Vol. Xxxiv. - P. 329.
- ↑ Koch JT Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopedia . - ABC-CLIO , 2006. - P. 69—70 & 1061. - ISBN 978-1-8510-9440-0 .
- ↑ Byrne F. D., 2006 , p. 314.
- ↑ Charles-Edwards TM, 2000 , p. 484-485.
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 643.7).
- ↑ ni C. Dobbs, M. The Ban-shenchus // Revue Celtique. - Vol. 47-49. Archived on October 6, 2016.
- ↑ Annals of Ulster (year 639.2); Annals of Tigernach (year 641.3).
Literature
- Byrne F. D. Kings and supreme rulers of Ireland. - SPb. : Eurasia , 2006 .-- 368 p. - ISBN 5-8071-0169-3 .
- Charles-EdwardsTM Early Christian Ireland . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 .-- 728 p. - ISBN 978-0-5213-6395-2 .
- Mac Niocaill G. Ireland before the Vikings . - Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1972 .-- 172 p.