Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev (May 12, 1903, Moscow - February 24, 1974, Moscow) - physicist-chemist, professor of the Department of Chemistry, Moscow University M.V. Lomonosov .
| Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Date of Birth | May 12, 1903 |
| Place of Birth | Moscow , Russia |
| Date of death | February 24, 1974 (aged 70) |
| Place of death | Moscow , USSR |
| A country |  the USSR |
| Scientific field | physical chemistry |
| Place of work | Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University |
| supervisor | E. I. Spitalsky |
| Famous students | N. A. Reshetovskaya |
| Awards and prizes |  |
Content
Biography
Origin
The ancestors of the scientist belonged to Belgorod service people. In the XVIII century. ancestors N.I. Kobozeva were merchants in Belgorod. At the moment, the earliest known ancestor of the scientist is Kozma Kobyzev (d. Before 1718), who is referred to as a posad man in the city of Belgorod. His son, Dmitry Kazmin, the son of Kobyzev (Kobozev; 1697 - 1752) was a Belgorod merchant; wife: Agafya Fedotovna Maslova (1689 - 1770), a noble daughter, taken from s. Ternovskoye Belgorod district. The family lived in the Strelets settlement of Belgorod.
Dmitry’s son, Stepan, was also a merchant, was married to the daughter of a Belgorod merchant Stepanida Rodionovna Dubinina. Stepan's brother, Ivan, was a Belgorod salt head (from 1778). The son, Yakov Stepanovich, was also a merchant and ratman. Grandson, Nikolai Yakovlevich Kobozev (1781 - 1834) was also a merchant. The great-grandson, Alexei Nikolaevich Kobozev (b. 1804), entered the middle class after 1858 [1] .
The scientist’s grandfather, Joseph A. Kobozev (1846, Belgorod - July 18, 1901, Kharkov) moved to Kharkov in the 1860s. In Kharkov I.A. Kobozev was engaged in the sale of cloth and flour. In 1889, I.A. Kobozev joined the board of the second Kharkov Society of Mutual Loans. In 1892 he was elected to the Kharkov City Duma. He held senior positions in several other organizations [1] .
Family
Nikolay Ivanovich's father, Ivan Iosifovich Kobozev (1874, Kharkov - 1943, Moscow) was a lawyer, he graduated from Kharkov Imperial University. He was married to the granddaughter of Franz Feist (1802 - 1888), Taganrog watchmaker of German origin, Sofya Adolfovna Feist (d. 1952). Sophia's father, Adolf Frantsevich Feist, “of the nobles”, was a Lutheran, since 1867 - with the rank of college assessor. He served as a teacher of German at the Mariinsky Kharkov School of Women, since 1883 - secretary of the board of the Kharkov Land Bank, and since 1891 - member of the board [1] .
At N.I. Kobozeva was brother Vsevolod (1905-1939), Boris, a musician (mind in 1918 from a Spanish woman) and sister Inna. In 1903, the father of the scientist and his family moved to Moscow, where Ivan Iosifovich served as a sworn attorney in the Office of the Moscow Vindava-Rybinsk Railway. After the Revolution, father N.I. Kobozeva 1917 worked as a lawyer in the NKPS [1] .
Nikolay Ivanovich’s brother, Vsevolod, worked as an engineer at the NKPS, was the head of the electrification department. He was married to the daughter of Professor of Moscow Higher Women's Courses Vissarion Vissarionovich Karandeev Nina. For the successful launch of the Yaroslavl Electric Railway, Stalin was awarded a golden watch. But in 1937 he was arrested, and in 1939 - shot [1] .
Education and activities
As a child, Nicholas suffered from polio and for the remaining years suffered from ill health [1] .
In 1920 he graduated from the unified Labor School, and after studying at preparatory courses (the labor school did not provide enough knowledge for entering a university), he was accepted to the Natural Department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. He graduated in 1924.
Since 1921, for a year and a half, he taught physics as an assistant at the labor faculty at Moscow State University.
In 1924 he entered the graduate school of Moscow University to E. I. Shpitalsky [2] .
In 1930, he was approved as an assistant professor of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University, then he set about organizing the Laboratory of Inorganic Catalysis.
In 1935, by the totality of work on catalysis and overstrain, he was approved to a scientific degree by a doctor of chemical sciences and a full member of the Institute of Chemistry of Moscow State University (which was equivalent to a professorship).
N.I. Kobozev was married to Esfiria Galbraich (baptized: Ekaterina Efimovna). He had a son Alexey (1946 - 2015) [1] .
After the war in 1948, N.I. Kobozev recreated the laboratory of Catalysis and Gas Electrochemistry, the successor to the laboratory of the 30s.
Contribution to Catalysis Theory
In 1934, he introduced the term "electrocatalysis" [3] .
In 1939, to explain the mechanism of action of heterogeneous catalysts, he put forward the so-called theory of active ensembles, according to this theory, the pre-crystalline phase of the catalyst — atomic groups held on the surface of a solid body — is responsible for the catalysis act. Found cases of catalysis by means of vaporous metals, highly dispersed colloidal metals and monoatomic layers of metal on quartz.
In 1946, he put forward the theory of aggravation, or the theory of energy recovery, explaining the active participation of a catalytic carrier as an energy trap that provides non-thermal (exciton) recharge of elementary catalysis events. He proposed catalysts for various reactions and methods for their promotion.
One area of research was the study of chemical reactions in electrical discharges. To describe the kinetics of such reactions, Kobozev proposed a "theory of energy catalysis." He proposed electro-thermal and catalytic methods for the conversion of methane in the presence of water into hydrogen and carbon monoxide, acetylene, acetaldehyde and ethyl alcohol. He proposed a method for producing nitric acid in the process of purification of industrial gases from nitrogen oxides.
Many of the works of N.I. Kobozev (in particular, studies of chemical reactions in discharges) were of great practical importance. Under his leadership, the technical development of the process of obtaining a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture of explosive and oxidative conversion of methane was carried out, semi-factory tests of the method of electrocracking methane to acetylene and hydrogen were carried out, a high-voltage reactor of Moscow State University was developed (with its help doubled energy yield of nitric oxide was obtained), direct electrosynthesis of concentrated nitric oxide was carried out acid, effective methods have been developed for obtaining concentrated ozone, hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents [4] .
General theoretical work
NI Kobozev was interested in the general problems of thermodynamics and methods for calculating the change in entropy. The focus of his attention was the general problem of “orderliness and disorder” in biological objects. In 1948, his article was published on the “vector-Brownian motions of living organisms”, in which for the first time a generalized concept of entropy was formulated as a measure of violation of the regular regulation of motion. This work was published before similar articles in the West and, according to experts, can be considered the first experience in building modern cybernetics [5] [4] .
In 1966, he published an article in which he showed that the thermodynamic analysis of the atomic-molecular level of living matter indicates the impossibility of explaining mental functions without resorting to the field of elementary particles. In 1971, Kobozev wrote that neither cells, nor molecules, nor even atoms, can be responsible for the processes of thought and memory. He believed that hypothetical particles, which he called “psychones,” may be carriers of the aforementioned processes [6] .
Help A. I. Solzhenitsyn
Nikolai Ivanovich himself and the family of his late brother Vsevolod provided secret assistance to A.I. Solzhenitsyn , trying to publish his manuscripts in samizdat and abroad. Solzhenitsyn's first wife, Natalya Reshetovskaya, was a graduate student of N.I. Kobozev. The Kobozev family kept some of the writer's manuscripts.
Scientific Papers
- Kobozev N. I. On the physicochemical modeling of information and thinking processes // Physical Chemistry, 1966, No. 2
- Kobozev N.I. Research in the field of thermodynamics of information and thinking processes. MSU Publishing House, 1971.
Links
- A brief outline of the history of chemistry
- Trinitarian Academy - Nikolay Kobozev - personal page
- Photogallery of Professor Kobozev N.I. and his scientific works :
- Pupils of Prof. Kobozev N.I. (and a little of their Fate)
- Remarks by A.I.Solzhenitsin to the work of N.I. KOBOZEVA "TIME" (inaccessible link)
- Prof. N.I. Kobozev. To my scientific biography, 1963 (edited by Prof. Kutolin S.A.)
- Bibliography of the works of Prof. Kobozev N.I. edited by Kutolin S.A.
- Volkov V.A., Vonsky E.V., Kuznetsova G.I. Outstanding chemists of the world. - M .: VSH, 1991.656 s.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 30 tt.
- To the biography of prof. Kobozeva N.I.
- To the biography of prof. Kobozeva N.I. with notes by A.I.Solzhenitsin (html
- SOLZHENITSIN. Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev (doc)
- Maslenkov I.V. From the history of the family. Kobozevs
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maslenkov Igor Vitalievich. From family history. Kobozevs . samlib.ru. Date of treatment August 6, 2018.
- ↑ see portrait of E.I. Spital oil
- ↑ Artem Mikheev. About the work of Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev “Research in the field of thermodynamics of information and thinking processes”.
- ↑ 1 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL REPRESENTATIONS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS (1950s). CONTRIBUTION OF RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS Archived March 4, 2016 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ About the book of N. I. Kobozev “Research in the field of thermodynamics of the processes of information and thinking” (May 1974) // Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Collected Works: In 20 vols. T. 10. - Vermont - Paris: YMCA-press, 1983.
- ↑ Kobozev N. And ..