Trinitroxylene (xylyl, TNX) is a blasting explosive similar in properties to TNT .
2,4,6-Trinitroxylene [1] | |
|---|---|
 | |
Are common | |
| Systematic name | 1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene |
| Traditional names | xyl, TNX |
| Chem. formula | C 8 H 7 N 3 O 6 |
Physical properties | |
| condition | colorless rhombic crystals |
| Molar mass | 241.2 g / mol |
| Density | 1,604 g / cm³ |
Thermal properties | |
| T. melt. | 182 ℃ |
| Enthalpy of Education | –109.6 kJ / mol |
Chemical properties | |
| Solubility in 95% Ethanol | 39 mg / 100 ml |
| Data is provided for standard conditions (25 ℃, 100 kPa) , unless otherwise indicated. | |
Content
Getting
Trinitroxylene is obtained in 88% yield by nitration of m- xylene with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. If technical m- xylene containing impurities of ortho- and para -isomers is nitrated, a mixture of nitro derivatives is obtained, but when nitrating pure m- xylene, the product contains only traces of secondary isomers. The industry usually uses the first approach. During nitration, the target product is isolated in solid form, which simplifies its separation from oily impurities. Purification of 2,4,6-trinitroxylene is carried out by treatment with hot water in a centrifuge and subsequent extraction [2] .
The compound was first obtained by Fittig in 1869 [3] .
Physical Properties
Trinitroxylene is highly soluble in many organic solvents and concentrated nitric acid, poorly soluble in ethanol and carbon tetrachloride. Insoluble in water [4] .
The nitrogen content in 2,4,6-trinitroxylene is 17.42%, and the oxygen balance is –89.57%. The volume of explosive gases is 843 l / kg [1] . Xylyl is inferior to TNT in explosive properties. It is more sensitive to shock and less sensitive to detonation. The expansion in the Trautzl bomb for xylil is 270 ml, the detonation speed is 6600 mm / s, and the Hess brisance is 10 mm [5] .
Chemical Properties
Trinitroxylene does not react with metals, however, when interacting with alcohol alkalis, it gives metal derivatives with a flash point of 142-165 ° C. These compounds are susceptible to shock (less than explosive mercury , but more than lead azide ) [6] .
Trinitroxylene does not react with an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite , while other trinitroxylene derivatives of xylene react by replacing one of the aromatic nitro groups with a sulfo group. However, the substance is not purified in this way, since nitro derivatives of ethylbenzene, which is an impurity in the initial xylene, also do not react with sodium sulfite [6] .
Application
Trinitroxylene was widely used as a blasting explosive during the First World War (then it was produced in France, the USA and Russia) and much less often during the Second World War . In peacetime, it was used as a component of explosives based on ammonium nitrate [3] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Meyer R., Kohler J., Homburg A. Explosives / 6th Ed. - Wiley, 2007 .-- P. 356. - ISBN 978-3-527-31656-4 .
- ↑ Orlova, 1960 , p. 154-156.
- ↑ 1 2 Orlova, 1960 , p. 151.
- ↑ Chemical Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. N. S. Zefirov. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 1995. - T. 4. - P. 637.
- ↑ Orlova, 1960 , p. 158.
- ↑ 1 2 Orlova, 1960 , p. 157.
Literature
- Orlova E. Yu. Chemistry and technology of blasting explosives. - M .: Oborongiz, 1960.